Table 2 Prevalence of caesarean delivery and odds ratio for risk of caesarean birth by background characteristics, Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2017-18

Women’s age (in years)

0.586

 15–24

33.1

 25–34

32.5

1.17(0.89–1.54)

 ≥35

31.2

2.06**(1.19–3.55)

Women’s education

< 0.0001

 No education

16.4

 Primary

17.9

0.58*(0.31–1.09)

 Secondary

34.0

0.64(0.35–1.17)

 Higher

59.4

0.72(0.37–1.41)

Working status

< 0.0001

 No

37.3

 Yes

25.0

0.77**(0.62–0.97)

Mass Media Exposure

< 0.0001

 No Exposure

17.0

 Exposure

41.1

1.27*(0.97–1.65)

Body Mass Index

< 0.0001

 Underweight

25.7

0.98(0.73–1.31)

 Normal

29.1

 Overweight and Obese

50.2

1.43***(1.11–1.84)

Birth order

< 0.0001

 First

40.2

 2nd order

34.4

1.06(0.81–1.39)

 3 or more

20.8

0.72*(0.51–1.04)

ANC visits

< 0.0001

 No visit

6.0

 1–3 visits

23.7

1.66(0.78–3.52)

 4 or more

46.8

2.39**(1.12–5.1)

Place of delivery

< 0.0001

 Public

35.1

 Private

78.4

6.69***(5.38–8.31)

Husband’s education

< 0.0001

 No education

18.2

 Primary

22.1

0.73(0.49–1.1)

 Secondary

35.4

0.76(0.5–1.16)

 Higher

59.7

0.93(0.57–1.5)

Husband’s occupation

< 0.0001

 Unemployed

32.0

Professional/Technical/Managerial

62.1

1.30(0.61–2.79)

 Sales

37.6

1.16(0.57–2.35)

 Agricultural

20.8

1.33(0.64–2.75)

 Services

34.8

1.53(0.74–3.15)

 Skilled And Unskilled

29.5

1.13(0.57–2.26)

Religion

0.022

 Islam

32.2

 Others

38.5

0.94(0.67–1.31)

Wealth Index

< 0.0001

 Poorest

13.0

 Poorer

22.3

1.25(0.85–1.85)

 Middle

30.8

1.22(0.81–1.83)

 Richer

38.1

1.09(0.72–1.64)

 Richest

61.3

1.84**(1.15–2.95)

Place of residence

< 0.0001

 Urban

43.7

0.81*(0.64–1.03)

 Rural

28.7

Division

< 0.0001

 Barisal

24.5

 Chittagong

26.0

0.55***(0.36–0.85)

 Dhaka

42.7

1.12(0.72–1.76)

 Khulna

42.7

1.27(0.8 -2)

 Mymensingh

26.1

1.25(0.78–2.02)

 Rajshahi

35.6

1.05(0.66–1.67)

 Rangpur

27.8

0.64*(0.4–1.01)

 Sylhet

22.6

1.19(0.74–1.9)

Total

32.7