Table 4 Factors associated with mental well-being among women living in Dhading
Variables | Urban areas | Rural areas | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted a | Unadjusted b | Adjusted | Unadjusted | |||||||||
B | 95% CI | p-value | B | 95% CI | p-value | B | 95% CI | p-value | B | 95% CI | p-value | |
Person-centered maternity care | 0.30 | 0.25, 0.35 | < 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.27, 0.38 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.03, 0.27 | 0.017 | 0.11 | 0.04, 0.18 | 0.001 |
Age | 1.07 | 0.14, 2.00 | 0.024 | 0.17 | -0.03, 0.36 | 0.088 | 0.02 | -0.18, 0.21 | 0.872 | 0.04 | -0.16, 0.24 | 0.682 |
Religion (vs. Hindi) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Buddhism | 1.43 | -1.13, 4.00 | 0.273 | 1.51 | -1.12, 4.14 | 0.260 | 0.03 | -4.45, 4.51 | 0.990 | -1.73 | -4.61, 1.16 | 0.240 |
 Muslim / Christian | 2.13 | -4.09, 8.35 | 0.501 | -3.50 | -7.42, 0.42 | 0.080 | -0.25 | -3.41, 2.91 | 0.877 | -3.45 | -7.84, 0.94 | 0.124 |
Caste / Ethnicity (vs. Janajati) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Bharamin / Chhetri | 0.41 | -1.25, 2.06 | 0.628 | 1.07 | -0.89, 3.02 | 0.284 | 1.59 | -0.48, 3.65 | 0.132 | 1.31 | -0.53, 3.14 | 0.163 |
 Dalit | -1.15 | -4.95, 0.64 | 0.209 | -1.09 | -3.99, 1.81 | 0.460 | 0.03 | -2.59, 2.65 | 0.982 | -0.90 | -3.28, 1.49 | 0.461 |
Education (vs. secondary) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No formal | 0.41 | -2.98, 3.80 | 0.814 | -3.02 | -5.79, -0.24 | 0.033 | -0.46 | -3.28, 2.36 | 0.750 | -2.39 | -5.15, 0.37 | 0.089 |
 Primary | -0.07 | -1.59, 1.46 | 0.931 | -0.27 | -2.59, 2.06 | 0.822 | 0.65 | -1.21, 2.52 | 0.493 | -0.32 | -2.36, 1.72 | 0.758 |
 Higher | 2.15 | − 0.39, 4.68 | 0.097 | 3.20 | 1.12, 5.28 | 0.003 | -0.47 | -3.41, 2.47 | 0.754 | 1.06 | -1.29, 3.41 | 0.374 |
Occupation (vs. Housewife) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Farmer | -0.05 | -2.36, 2.26 | 0.966 | 2.61 | 0.22, 5.00 | 0.033 | 0.06 | -2.92, 3.04 | 0.971 | 1.07 | -1.24, 3.38 | 0.363 |
 Business / Sell things | 1.52 | -0.81, 3.85 | 0.201 | 3.63 | 1.04, 6.23 | 0.006 | 3.36 | -0.39, 7.05 | 0.075 | 3.06 | 0.43, 5.68 | 0.022 |
Wealth quintile (vs. Middle) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Poorest | 0.40 | -1.96, 2.77 | 0.738 | 0.04 | -2.86, 2.94 | 0.976 | -3.39 | -7.13, 0.34 | 0.075 | -3.05 | -5.56, -0.53 | 0.018 |
 Poorer | 1.50 | -0.44, 3.45 | 0.130 | 1.03 | -1.70, 3.75 | 0.460 | -2.33 | -5.40, 0.75 | 0.138 | -2.56 | -5.17, 0.05 | 0.054 |
 Richer | -1.23 | -3.31, 0.86 | 0.248 | -0.47 | -3.07, 2.13 | 0.723 | -2.05 | -5.61, 1.51 | 0.259 | -1.03 | -3.76, 1.71 | 0.460 |
 Richest | -0.14 | -2.68, 2.40 | 0.916 | 0.82 | -1.54, 3.73 | 0.413 | -3.24 | -6.83, 0.35 | 0.077 | -0.53 | -3.24, 2.18 | 0.700 |
Baby’s age | 0.01 | -0.00, 0.01 | 0.113 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.02 | < 0.001 | -0.00 | -0.01, 0.00 | 0.302 | -0.00 | -0.01, 0.01 | 0.598 |
ANC visit (vs. ≥ 4 times) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 1–3 times | -1.12 | -3.00, 0.72 | 0.232 | -4.03 | -6.33, -1.74 | 0.001 | 1.74 | -0.68, 4.15 | 0.159 | -0.38 | -2.84, 2.08 | 0.762 |
Baby’s sex (vs. Boy) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Girl | -0.24 | -1.84, 1.36 | 0.768 | -0.26 | -1.99, 1.47 | 0.767 | -1.78 | -3.51, -0.06 | 0.042 | -2.20 | -3.86, -0.54 | 0.010 |
Baby’s birth weight (vs. 2,500–3,999 g) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 4,000–4,500 g | -2.34 | -10.65, 5.98 | 0.582 | -5.29 | -11.30, 0.72 | 0.084 | -0.35 | -7.23, 6.54 | 0.920 | 0.05 | -5.08, 5.18 | 0.985 |
 1,500–2,499 g | -1.87 | -5.45, 1.71 | 0.305 | -7.36 | -12.05, -2.67 | 0.002 | -2.43 | -9.83, 4.97 | 0.520 | -2.75 | -7.15, 1.65 | 0.220 |
Delivery (vs. Vaginal delivery) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Cesarean section | -0.72 | -4.76, 3.33 | 0.728 | -2.74 | -6.43, 0.96 | 0.146 | 7.20 | -0.75, 15.15 | 0.076 | 5.46 | -4.69, 15.61 | 0.290 |
Parity (vs. Multiparous) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Primiparous | 0.25 | -1.63, 2.13 | 0.794 | 0.20 | -1.56, 1.95 | 0.826 | -1.11 | -2.66, 0.45 | 0.164 | -0.30 | -1.96, 1.37 | 0.726 |
Length of stay at healthcare facility after delivery (vs. 24–48 h) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 < 24 h | 1.04 | -0.58, 2.65 | 0.207 | 0.18 | -1.85, 2.20 | 0.862 | 0.90 | -1.10, 2.89 | 0.377 | 0.75 | -1.24, 2.73 | 0.461 |
 48–72 h | -1.25 | -3.48, 0.98 | 0.272 | -5.67 | -8.58, -2.77 | 0.000 | -0.63 | -3.15, 1.89 | 0.624 | -0.95 | -3.38, 1.47 | 0.440 |
 ≥ 72 h | -2.94 | -7.24, 1.36 | 0.181 | -5.57 | -9.20, -1.94 | 0.003 | -3.15 | -8.68, 2.38 | 0.264 | -4.83 | -8.77, -0.88 | 0.017 |
Husband / partner living elsewhere (vs. Living together) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Staying elsewhere | -0.31 | -2.36, 1.74 | 0.766 | 0.35 | -1.80, 2.49 | 0.752 | -2.58 | -4.60, -0.56 | 0.012 | -1.13 | -3.81, 1.54 | 0.406 |
Complication during pregnancy or delivery (vs. No) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | -1.66 | -6.84, 3.52 | 0.530 | -0.49 | -4.55, 3.57 | 0.813 | 1.86 | -2.16, 5.89 | 0.364 | 1.91 | -2.49, 6.30 | 0.394 |
Diagnosis of previous mental problems (vs. No) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | -2.50 | -7.09, 2.09 | 0.285 | 0.69 | -3.51, 4.90 | 0.747 | -2.85 | -6.92, 1.21 | 0.169 | -2.46 | -8.36, 3.45 | 0.414 |
Anxiety / stress / depressive symptoms during pregnancy (vs. No) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | -0.61 | -2.33, 1.11 | 0.488 | -1.65 | -3.96, 0.67 | 0.162 | 1.05 | -2.15, 4.25 | 0.520 | 1.35 | -0.94, 3.64 | 0.247 |
Unwanted pregnancy (vs. No) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | -1.27 | -5.06, 2.52 | 0.511 | 0.37 | -2.62, 3.36 | 0.808 | -3.65 | -5.53, -1.77 | < 0.001 | -2.75 | -5.44, -0.04 | 0.046 |
Family support after delivery (vs. Yes) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No / I don’t know | -2.96 | -10.53, 4.60 | 0.443 | -2.90 | -10.36, 4.56 | 0.445 | 7.30 | -1.87, 16.47 | 0.119 | 5.03 | -0.85, 10.91 | 0.094 |