Table 3 Factors associated with depressive symptoms among women living in Dhading

Person-centered maternity care

-0.09

-0.13, -0.04

< 0.001

-0.14

-0.18, -0.10

< 0.001

-0.10

-0.15, -0.04

< 0.001

-0.09

-0.13, -0.05

< 0.001

Age

-0.26

-1.00, 0.47

0.483

0.09

-0.05, 0.23

0.214

-0.01

-1.08, 0.15

0.983

-0.04

-0.16, 0.08

0.541

Religion

(vs. Hindi)

 Buddhism

0.07

-1.45, 1.58

0.933

0.32

-1.56, 2.20

0.740

0.16

-1.49, 1.81

0.852

1.00

-0.82, 2.83

0.280

 Muslim / Christian

-0.37

-2.70, 1.97

0.757

4.48

1.68, 7.28

0.002

-1.03

-2.78, 0.73

0.251

1.84

-0.94, 4.62

0.193

Caste / Ethnicity (vs. Janajati)

 Bharamin / Chhetri

-0.62

-1.93, 0.69

0.352

-0.22

-1.62, 1.19

0.761

0.66

-0.53, 1.85

0.279

0.09

-1.08, 1.25

0.886

 Dalit

0.81

-1.27, 2.89

0.445

1.02

-1.07, 3.11

0.335

0.68

-1.08, 2.44

0.446

1.21

-0.30, 2.73

0.115

Education

(vs. secondary)

 No formal

2.03

0.10, 3.96

0.039

4.54

2.56, 6.53

< 0.001

1.00

-0.50, 2.50

0.191

1.86

0.13, 3.61

0.035

 Primary

0.30

-1.39, 1.99

0.728

1.36

-0.31, 3.03

0.109

0.28

-1.27, 1.83

0.726

0.76

-0.53, 2.05

0.250

 Higher

0.36

-1.23, 1.95

0.655

-0.11

-1.60, 1.38

0.883

-0.82

-2.71, 1.07

0.395

0.84

-0.64, 1.32

0.836

Occupation

(vs. Housewife)

 Farmer

3.77

1.47, 6.08

0.001

3.42

1.72, 5.13

0.000

2.33

0.88, 3.78

0.002

2.60

1.16, 4.04

0.000

 Business / Sell things

-0.68

-2.74, 1.38

0.519

-0.90

-2.75, 0.95

0.339

0.41

-1.48, 2.29

0.673

0.04

-1.60, 1.67

0.964

Wealth quintile

(vs. Middle)

 Poorest

-2.55

-3.81, -1.28

< 0.001

-2.71

-4.79, -0.64

0.010

-0.18

-1.49, 1.13

0.788

-0.75

-2.34, 0.84

0.355

 Poorer

-1.28

-3.21, 0.65

0.195

-1.50

-3.45, 0.45

0.130

0.21

-0.99, 1.41

0.736

0.04

-1.61, 1.70

0.959

 Richer

-0.42

-1.81, 0.97

0.556

-1.20

-3.06, 0.66

0.204

-1.26

-3.34, 0.82

0.236

-1.90

-3.64, -0.17

0.031

 Richest

-0.71

-2.39, 0.97

0.408

-1.45

-3.33, 0.44

0.132

-0.06

-2.09, 1.96

0.951

-1.10

-2.82, 0.61

0.207

Baby’s age

-0.00

-0.01, 0.00

0.677

-0.01

-0.01, 0.00

0.053

-0.00

-0.01, 0.00

0.329

-0.00

-0.01, 0.00

0.155

ANC visit

(vs. ≥ 4 times)

 1–3 times

2.00

0.04, 3.97

0.046

3.55

1.92, 5.19

< 0.001

-0.92

-1.90, 0.07

0.069

1.37

-0.18, 2.91

0.083

Baby’s sex

(vs. Boy)

 Girl

0.20

-1.03, 1.43

0.748

0.00

-1.24, 1.25

0.995

-0.03

-0.96, 0.90

0.947

0.23

-0.83, 1.29

0.665

Baby’s birth weight

(vs. 2,500–3,999 g)

 4,000–4,500 g

2.74

-1.99, 7.48

0.256

2.78

-1.57, 7.13

0.210

-2.28

-5.29, 0.74

0.139

-1.20

-4.43, 2.04

0.468

 1,500–2,499 g

-1.30

-2.99, 0.39

0.131

4,75

1.35, 8,14

0.006

-0.78

-4.67, 3.10

0.692

-0.62

-3.39, 2.16

0.662

Delivery

(vs. Vaginal delivery)

 Cesarean section

-1.09

-3.84, 1.67

0.438

0.98

-1.69, 3.66

0.471

-5.68

-8.60, -2.76

< 0.001

-2.56

-8.98, 3.86

0.433

Parity

(vs. Multiparous)

 Primiparous

-0.45

-2.11, 1.20

0.591

-0.78

-2.04, 0.49

0.227

0.24

-1.13, 1.62

0.729

0.19

-0.86, 1.24

0.722

Length of stay at healthcare facility after delivery

(vs. 24–48 h)

 < 24 h

1.22

-0.48, 2.93

0.159

1.28

-0.14, 2.69

0.077

-0.29

-1.10, 0.52

0.478

0.19

-1.04, 1.41

0.764

 48–72 h

4.99

2.54, 7.43

< 0.001

6.43

4.40, 8.46

< 0.001

1.75

0.35, 3.15

0.014

2.60

1.11, 4.09

0.001

 ≥ 72 h

2.76

0.11, 5.40

0.041

3.56

1.02, 6.10

0.006

3.83

1.87, 5.80

< 0.001

4.74

2.31, 7.17

< 0.001

Husband / partner living elsewhere

(vs. Living together)

 Staying elsewhere

-0.43

-1.04, 2.60

0.401

-0.84

-2.38, 0.70

0.285

2.15

0.21, 4.09

0.030

1.67

-0.02, 3.35

0.052

Complication during pregnancy or delivery

(vs. No)

 Yes

0.78

-1.47, 3.06

0.491

1.68

-1.24, 4.60

0.258

-0.49

-2.43, 1.46

0.624

-0.52

-3.30, 2.26

0.715

Diagnosis of previous mental problems

(vs. No)

 Yes

4.41

2.20, 6.60

< 0.001

4.56

1.58, 7.55

0.003

-1.87

-4.16, 0.42

0.109

-0.04

-3.78, 3.69

0.981

Anxiety / stress / depressive symptoms during pregnancy

(vs. No)

 Yes

1.72

-0.57, 4.01

0.141

2.26

0.61, 3.92

0.007

2.89

1.20, 4.59

0.001

2.80

1.38, 4.22

< 0.001

Unwanted pregnancy

(vs. No)

 Yes

0.18

-1.49, 1.85

0.834

-1.05

-3.21, 1.10

0.337

-0.36

-1.73, 1.01

0.605

-1.34

-3.06, 0.87

0.123

Family support after delivery

(vs. Yes)

 No / I don’t know

-4.85

-16.04, 6.34

0.396

1.01

-4.37, 6.39

0.712

-6.19

-14.21, 1.83

0.130

-4.30

-8.00 -0.59

0.023