Fig. 3

Prophylactic antiviral intervention enhanced maternal Th2 response and suppressed Th1 response at delivery PBMCs were stimulated with pre-coated anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28 antibodies for 24 h, with the addition of brefeldin A for the final 6 h. Cytokines production by T cells was measured using intracellular cytokine staining. (A) Representative dot plots of the production of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and IL-21 in CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells. (B) Percentages of cytokine-producing CD4⁺ T cells in intervention (n = 34) or non-intervention (n = 15) mothers, and (C) the data represent Th1:Th2-cytokine ratio (IFN-γ:IL-10) in CD4⁺ T cells. (D) Percentages of cytokine-producing CD8⁺ T cells in intervention (n = 34) or non-intervention (n = 15) mothers, and (E) the data represent the Th1:Th2-cytokine ratio (IFN-γ:IL-10) in CD8⁺ T cells. The data represent the median with 95% CI. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001