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Table 4 Risk estimates for low resilience and high perceived stress according to degrees of vulnerability (n = 383)

From: Measuring resilience and stress during pregnancy and its relation to vulnerability and pregnancy outcomes in a nulliparous cohort study

 

Vulnerability

None

Any

RR [95%CI]

Only one condition

RR [95%CI]

Two conditions

RR [95%CI]

Three or more conditions

RR [95%CI]

Resilience

 Low

17 (25%)

181 (57.8%)

2.31 [1.51–3.52]

52 (47.3%)

1.89 [1.20–2.98]

59 (57.8%)

2.31 [1.48–3.60]

70 (69.3%)

2.77 [1.80–4.27]

 Moderate/High

51 (75%)

132 (42.2%)

Ref

58 (52.7%)

Ref

43 (42.2%)

Ref

31 (30.7%)

Ref

Perceived Stress Scale

  ≥ 3rd Quartile

11 (16.2%)

85 (27.0%)

1.66 [0.94–2.95]

35 (31.8%)

1.96 [1.07–3.60]

22 (21.6%)

1.33 [0.69–2.56]

26 (25.7%)

1.59 [0.84–3.00]

  < 3rd Quartile

57 (83.8%)

230 (73.0%)

Ref

75 (68.2%)

Ref

80 (78.4%)

Ref

75 (74.3%)

Ref

  ≥ 90th centile

5 (7.4%)

42 (13.3%)

1.81 [0.74–4.41]

17 (15.5%)

2.10 [0.81–5.43]

11 (10.8%)

1.46 [0.53–4.03]

14 (13.9%)

1.88 [0.71–4.99]

  < 90th centile

63 (92.6%)

273 (86.7%)

Ref

93 (84.5%)

Ref

91 (89.2%)

Ref

87 (86.1%)

Ref

  1. Conditions considered as vulnerability criteria: low level of education (less than 12 complete years of schooling); adolescent (age 19 or younger); monthly family income < 1,000; without a partner during pregnancy (including single, divorced and widowed) or other than white