Table 3 Distribution of perceived stress according to socio-demographic characteristics
Perceived Stress Scale | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n | Median | IQR | Mean | SD | p -value # |
Region | < 0.001 | |||||
Northeast | 209 | 28.0 | 25.0–30.5 | 27.9 | 5.2 | |
Southeast | 172 | 25.0 | 20.0–30.0 | 25.2 | 7.0 | |
Maternal age (years) | 0.112 | |||||
≤ 19 | 87 | 28.0 | 25.0–31.0 | 27.4 | 5.3 | |
> 19 | 294 | 27.0 | 22.0–30.0 | 26.4 | 6.5 | |
Ethnicity | 0.011 | |||||
Other than white | 260 | 28.0 | 24.0–31.0 | 27.3 | 5.9 | |
White | 121 | 26.0 | 20.0–30.0 | 25.4 | 6.8 | |
Marital status | 0.301 | |||||
Without partner | 99 | 28.0 | 23.0–31.0 | 27.4 | 6.4 | |
With partner | 282 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.4 | 6.2 | |
Maternal Occupation a | 0.381 | |||||
Neither working nor studying | 139 | 28.0 | 24.0–30.0 | 26.9 | 5.3 | |
Paid work or studying | 241 | 27.0 | 22.0–31.0 | 26.5 | 6.7 | |
Schooling (years) | 0.002 ‡ | |||||
Primary | 35 | 27.0 | 24.0–31.0 | 28.3 | 5.2 | |
Secondary | 272 | 28.0 | 23.0–31.0 | 27.1 | 6.2 | |
College or more | 74 | 25.0 | 20.0–28.2 | 24.4 | 6.3 | |
Monthly Family Income (R$) | < 0.001 ‡ | |||||
0–1000 | 129 | 28.0 | 25.0–30.0 | 27.5 | 5.7 | |
1001 to 2000 | 106 | 29.0 | 25.0–31.0 | 28.0 | 5.3 | |
> 2000 | 146 | 25.0 | 20.0–29.2 | 25.0 | 6.9 | |
Source of antenatal care | 0.016 | |||||
Public | 353 | 27.0 | 23.0–31.0 | 26.9 | 6.1 | |
Private/insurance/mixed | 28 | 24.5 | 19.2–27.0 | 24.4 | 7.7 | |
Vulnerability | 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 313 | 28 | 24.0–31.0 | 27.2 | 6.0 | |
No | 68 | 25 | 19.0–30.0 | 24.5 | 6.7 | |
Smoking | 0.951 | |||||
Currently or during pregnancy | 16 | 26.0 | 23.2–30.5 | 27.1 | 6.9 | |
Never | 365 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.7 | 6.2 | |
Alcohol drinking | 0.223 | |||||
Currently or during pregnancy | 35 | 26.0 | 21.0–29.0 | 26.4 | 7.7 | |
Never | 346 | 27.0 | 23.0–31.0 | 26.7 | 6.1 | |
Other drugs | 0.014 | |||||
Currently or during pregnancy | 9 | 22.0 | 18.5–26.0 | 22.2 | 4.2 | |
Never | 372 | 27.0 | 23.0-31.0 | 26.8 | 6.2 | |
History of use of any substance | 0.024 | |||||
Yes | 56 | 25.0 | 20.0–29.0 | 25.7 | 7.7 | |
No | 325 | 27.0 | 23.0–31.0 | 26.8 | 5.9 | |
Previous maternal conditions | 0.987 | |||||
Yes | 77 | 27.0 | 22.5–30.5 | 26.8 | 6.5 | |
No | 304 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.7 | 6.2 | |
Urinary tract infection in the first half of pregnancy | 0.075 | |||||
Yes | 59 | 28.0 | 25.0–32.0 | 28.1 | 7.0 | |
No | 322 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.4 | 6.0 | |
Vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy | 0.160 | |||||
Yes | 60 | 28.0 | 25.0–31.0 | 27.9 | 6.9 | |
No | 321 | 27.0 | 22.5–30.0 | 26.5 | 6.1 | |
Intercourse in the first half of pregnancy | 0.727 | |||||
Yes | 318 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.6 | 6.1 | |
No | 63 | 27.0 | 22.0–32.0 | 27.1 | 6.8 | |
Occurrence of any infection in the first half of pregnancy | 0.451 | |||||
Yes | 120 | 27.0 | 23.2–31.0 | 27.1 | 6.5 | |
No | 261 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.5 | 6.1 | |
Hospitalization in the first half of pregnancy | 0.128 | |||||
Yes | 6 | 22.0 | 17.5–28.2 | 22.8 | 6.1 | |
No | 375 | 27.0 | 23.0–30.0 | 26.7 | 6.2 | |
Resilience | < 0.001 ‡ | |||||
Low | 198 | 28.0 | 26.0–31.0 | 29.1 | 5.1 | |
Moderate | 100 | 25.5 | 20.0–30.0 | 25.5 | 5.7 | |
High | 83 | 22.0 | 17.0–26.0 | 22.4 | 6.8 | |