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Table 4 The USG findings and prenatal diagnosis of 492 twin pregnancies with NIPT results indicating low risk

From: Noninvasive prenatal testing, ultrasonographic findings and poor prenatal diagnosis rates for twin pregnancies: a retrospective study

GroupB-1

GroupB − 2

GroupB-3

GroupB-4

GroupB-5

GroupC-1

GroupC-2

GroupC-3

 

Type

No.a

Type

No.

Type

No.

Type

No.

Type

No.

Type(A/B)

No.

Type(A/B)

No.

Type(A/B)

No.

CPC

36

MM

2††

VSD + CPC

3†††

FGR

19†††‡‡‡‡

PH

9

CPC/CPC

6

SD/CPC

1

FGR/FGR

9††‡‡‡‡‡

PE

19

VSD

3†‡‡

VSD + AC + NT

1

FGR + CPC

3

SB

1

PE/PE

2

PEV + CD/CD

1

FGR + CPC/CPC

1

VM

8†‡‡‡‡

VR

1

AC + VM

1

FGR + VM

1

SB + SUA

1

CPC/SUA

2

BM/FGR

1

FGR/CPC

1

ARSA

7††‡‡

SPD

1

AC + PLSVC + PE

1

FGR + NT

1

LC

2

CPC/CPC + PE

1

AOLK/PEV

1

FGR + HI/ECM

1

NT

3‡‡‡

EK

1

NT + PEV

1

FGR + SUA

1

ARA

1

CPC/PE

1

VSD/CPC + FGR

1

FGR + VM/ARSA

1

SUA

3

PPD

1

  

FGR + SCD

1

NDC

1

CPC/DIVC

1

CD/SUA + FGR

1

FGR/SUA + PH

1

HI

2

TOF

1

  

FGR + PH

1

CC

1

CPC/VM

1

DA/HI

1

FGR/PRUV

1

NBA

1

MM + SB

1

  

FGR + HI + SB

1

  

ARSA/SB

1

PK/CPC

1

FGR/SEC

1

PRUV

1

    

FGR + VM + SB

1

  

EIF/EIF

1

  

FGR/FGR + PH

1

PLSVC

1

        

HI/HI

1

  

FGR + CPC/FGR

2†‡

RAA

1

        

NBA/NBA

1

  

FGR/FGR + SB

1

GD

1

        

NT/PE

1

  

CNPT/CNPT

1

ECM

1

        

VM/VM

1

  

GE/NDC

1

WCV

1

              

AOVC

1

              

SFL

1

              

Total

81

 

11

 

7

 

29

 

16

 

20

 

8

 

22

RPD

17

 

11

 

7

 

13

 

4

 

6

 

8

 

16

APD

6

 

7

 

6

 

6

 

1

 

3

 

4

 

8

PDR

35.3%

 

63.6%

 

85.7%

 

46.2%

 

25.0%

 

50.0%

 

50.0%

 

50.0%

Results

1VUS

 

3VUS

 

N

 

1VUS

 

N

 

N

 

N

 

2VUS

  1. Group B: twin pregnancies with NIPT results indicating a low risk of abnormalities and USG findings for one of the twins; GB-1 (Group B-1): one of the twins had USMs; GB-2: one of the twins had a SM; GB-3: one of the twins had USMs and a SM; GB-4: one of the twins had FGR; GB-5: one of the twins had other abnormalities; Group C: twin pregnancies with NIPT results indicating a low risk of abnormalities and USG findings for both twins; GC-1 (Group C-1): at least one of the twins had USMs; GC-2: at least one of the twins had a SM; GC-3: at least one of the twins had FGR or other abnormalities
  2. AC: aortic coarctation; AOLK: absence of left kidney; AOVC: absence of venous catheters; ARA: accessory renal artery; ARSA: aberrant right subclavian artery; BM: brain malformation;
  3. CC: choledochal cyst; CD: cerebellum dysplasia; CNPT: cystic nodules posterior thalamus; CPC: choroid plexus cyst; DA: duodenal atresia; DIVC: double inferior vena cava; ECM: enlarged cisterna magna; EIF: echogenic intracardiac focus; EK: ectopic kidney; GD: gallbladder dysplasia; GE: gallbladder enlargement; HI: hyperechogenic intestine; LC: liver cyst; MM: multiple malformations; N: normal; NBA: nasal bone aplasia; NDC: nasolacrimal duct cyst; NT: increased nuchal translucency(95th˂NT˂3.0 mm); PE: pyelectasis; PEV: pes equinovarus; PH: polyhydramnios; PK: polycystic kidney; PLSVC: persistent left superior vena cava; PPD: preaxial polydactyly; PRUV: persistent right umbilical vein; RAA: right aortic arch; SB: stillbirth; SCD: scaphocephaly deformity; SD: spinal deformity; SEC: subependymal cyst; SFL: short femur length; SM: structural malformation; SPD: septum pellucidum dysplasia; SUA: single umbilical artery; TOF: tetralogy of fallot; USG: ultrasonographic; USM: ultrasonographic soft marker; VM: ventriculomegaly; VR: ventricular rhabdomyoma; VSD: ventricular septal defect; WCV: widened cavum vergae
  4. RPD: recommended prenatal diagnosis; APD: accepted prenatal diagnosis; PDR: prenatal diagnosis rate;VUS: variants of uncertain significance
  5. a: Two soft markers were found in the same fetus (6 cases): CPC + HI、CPC + PE(2 cases)、CPC + VM、CPC + NT、ARSA + PE
  6. : prenatal diagnosis was recommended and performed
  7. : prenatal diagnosis was recommended and not performed