Table 3 Distribution of infant’s preterm and term status by selected socioeconomic, demographic, and care-seeking characteristics of mothers
From: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a nested case–control study
Variables | Total | PTB (< 37 Weeks) | Term (≥ 37 weeks) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 930 | n = 262 (%) | n = 668 (%) | ||
Vitamin-D concentrations | ||||
Not deficient (upper three quartiles) | 698 | 182 (69.5) | 516 (77.2) | 0.014 |
Deficient (lowest quartiles) | 232 | 80 (30.5) | 152 (22.8) | |
Sex of the baby | ||||
Boy | 458 | 132 (50.4) | 326 (48.8) | 0.665 |
Girl | 472 | 130 (49.6) | 342 (51.2) | |
Mother’s age in years | ||||
< 30 | 816 | 233 (88.9) | 583 (87.3) | 0.489 |
≥ 30 | 114 | 29 (11.1) | 85 (12.7) | |
Mother’s education | ||||
0–5 years | 433 | 118 (45.0) | 315 (47.2) | 0.560 |
> 5 years | 497 | 144 (55.0) | 353 (52.8) | |
Mother’s height | ||||
< 145 cm | 182 | 70 (26.7) | 112 (16.8) | 0.001 |
> = 145 cm | 748 | 192 (73.3) | 556 (83.2) | |
Parity | ||||
0/Primi | 302 | 101 (38.5) | 201 (30.1) | 0.023 |
1–3 | 519 | 128 (48.9) | 391 (58.5) | |
≥ 4 | 109 | 33 (12.6) | 76 (11.4) | |
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 238 | 72 (27.5) | 166 (24.9) | 0.408 |
Facility | 692 | 190 (72.5) | 502 (75.1) | |
Skilled delivery assistance | ||||
Skilled birth attendant | 911 | 256 (97.7) | 655 (98.1) | 0.739 |
Untrained | 19 | 6 (2.3) | 13 (1.9) | |
Taking iron tablets during pregnancy | ||||
No | 250 | 52 (19.8) | 198 (29.6) | 0.002 |
Yes | 680 | 210 (80.2) | 470 (70.4) | |
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy | ||||
No (Never, Quit pre/during pregnancy) | 769 | 210 (80.2) | 559 (83.7) | 0.201 |
Yes (currently sniffing/chewing) | 161 | 52 (19.8) | 109 (16.3) | |
Passive or indirect smoking during pregnancy | ||||
No | 197 | 44 (16.8) | 153 (22.9) | 0.04 |
Yes | 733 | 218 (83.2) | 515 (77.1) | |
Chewing betel leaf during pregnancy | ||||
No | 543 | 155 (59.2) | 388 (58.1) | 0.764 |
Yes | 387 | 107 (40.8) | 280 (41.9) | |
Religion | ||||
Muslim | 808 | 230 (87.8) | 578 (86.5) | 0.609 |
Others | 122 | 32 (12.2) | 90 (13.5) | |
Husband’s education | ||||
0–5 years | 652 | 188 (71.8) | 464 (69.5) | 0.492 |
> 5 years | 278 | 74 (28.2) | 204 (30.5) | |
Household crowding | ||||
< = 2 | 663 | 188 (71.8) | 475 (71.1) | 0.844 |
> 2 | 267 | 74 (28.2) | 193 (28.9) | |
HH wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 310 | 85 (32.4) | 225 (33.7) | 0.924 |
Middle | 312 | 90 (34.4) | 222 (33.2) | |
Richest | 308 | 87 (33.2) | 221 (33.1) | |