Table 2 Distribution of maternal serum vitamin D concentrations by selected characteristics of mothers and households
From: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a nested case–control study
Characteristics | Vitamin D concentrations | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Not deficient | Deficient | ||
N = 930 | n = 698 (%) | n = 232 (%) | ||
Mother’s age in years | ||||
< 30 | 816 | 602 (86.2) | 214 (92.2) | 0.016 |
≥ 30 | 114 | 96 (13.8) | 18 (7.8) | |
Mother’s education | ||||
0–5 years | 433 | 353 (50.6) | 80 (34.5) | 0.001 |
> 5 years | 497 | 345 (49.4) | 152 (65.5) | |
Mother’s occupation | ||||
Housewife | 910 | 684 (98.0) | 226 (97.4) | 0.597 |
Working/employed | 20 | 14 (2.0) | 6 (2.6) | |
Mother’s BMI | ||||
Mother’s height | ||||
< 145 cm | 182 | 145 (20.8) | 37 (15.9) | 0.109 |
≥ 145 cm | 748 | 553 (79.2) | 195 (84.1) | |
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy | ||||
No (Never, Quit pre/during pregnancy) | 769 | 580 (83.1) | 189 (81.5) | 0.57 |
Yes (currently sniffing/chewing) | 161 | 118 (16.9) | 43 (18.5) | |
Husband’s education | ||||
0–5 years | 652 | 499 (71.5) | 153 (65.9) | 0.110 |
> 5 years | 278 | 199 (28.5) | 79 (34.1) | |
Husband's occupation | ||||
Govt/private/self-employed (possibly in-door) | 260 | 193 (27.7) | 67 (28.9) | 0.718 |
Daily wage/farming/other/does not work (possibly out-door) | 670 | 505 (72.3) | 165 (71.1) | |
Household crowding | ||||
≤ 2 | 663 | 485 (69.5) | 178 (76.7) | 0.035 |
> 2 | 276 | 213 (30.5) | 54 (23.3) | |
HH wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 310 | 233 (33.4) | 77 (33.2) | 0.932 |
Middle | 312 | 232 (33.2) | 80 (34.5) | |
Richest | 308 | 233 (33.4) | 75 (32.3) | |