Table 1 Clinical characteristics of women with GDM and non-GDM
Characteristics | Mean ± SD or N (%) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
GDM group (n = 1632) | non-GDM group (n = 9067) |  | |
Maternal Age (years) | 33.02 ± 4.36 | 30.80 ± 4.53 |  < 0.001 |
 20–29 | 425(26.04) | 3835(42.30) |  < 0.001 |
 30–34 | 650(39.83) | 3409(37.60) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 557(34.13) | 1823(20.10) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.64 ± 2.94 | 20.66 ± 2.64 |  < 0.001 |
 Underweight (< 18.5) | 228(13.97) | 1804(19.90) |  < 0.001 |
 Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1215(74.45) | 6683(73.71) |  |
 Overweight and obese (≥ 25.0) | 189(11.58) | 580(6.40) |  |
Gestational weight gain | |||
 Appropriate | 696(42.65) | 3752(41.38) |  < 0.001 |
 Inadequate | 612(37.50) | 3991(44.02) |  |
 Excessive | 324(19.85) | 1324(14.60) |  |
Maternal education [n (%)] | |||
  ≤ Junior school | 165(10.11) | 917(10.11) | 0.896 |
  High school | 199(12.19) | 1162(12.82) |  |
  ≥ University | 1268(77.69) | 6988(77.07) |  |
 Caesarean history [n (%)] | 402(24.63) | 2531(27.91) |  < 0.001 |
Parity | |||
 Nulliparous | 861(52.76) | 5495(60.60) |  < 0.001 |
 Multiparous | 771(47.24) | 3572(39.40) |  |
 IVF [n (%)] | 176(10.78) | 621(6.85) |  < 0.001 |
Mode of delivery [n (%)] | |||
 Vaginal | 890(54.53) | 5423(59.81) |  < 0.001 |
 Cesarean | 742(45.47) | 3644(40.19) |  |
 Gestational age (weeks, mean ± SD) | 38.35 ± 1.75 | 37.58 ± 2.67 |  < 0.001 |
 FPG on OGTT (mmol/L) | 5.59 ± 0.83 | 4.12 ± 0.47 |  < 0.001 |
 2-h blood glucose on OGTT (mmol/L) | 8.75 ± 1.69 | 7.21 ± 1.92 |  < 0.001 |