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Table 1 Classification of stillbirths due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, modified from the WHO-UMC system for standardized case causality assessment

From: Late miscarriage and stillbirth in asymptomatic and symptomatic hospitalised pregnant women in Belgium during the first and second waves of COVID-19: a prospective nationwide population-based study

Causality term

Assessment criteria

Certain

Event with plausible time relationship with COVID infection

Cannot be explained by other disease or other event

Supporting laboratory evidence

Probably / Likely

Event with reasonable time relationship with COVID infection

Unlikely to be attributed to disease or other event

Possible

Event with reasonable time relationship with COVID infection

Could also be explained by disease or other event

Unlikely

Event with a time relationship with COVID infection that make an association improbable (but not impossible)

Disease or other event provide plausible explanations

Unrelated

Event is clearly NOT related to the COVID infection