Table 3 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with male involvement in ANC in Palabek refugee settlement
Variable | Male involvement | X2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | |||
Individual predictors | ||||
Male partners age | 5.6 | 0.134 | ||
18–27 | 59 (36) | 106 (64) | ||
28–37 | 77 (39) | 121 (61) | ||
38–47 | 24 (53) | 21 (47) | ||
≥ 48 | 4 (27) | 11 (73) | ||
Marital status | 0.27 | 0.639 | ||
Married | 123 (38) | 200 (62) | ||
Un married | 41 (41) | 59 (59) | ||
Partner’s level of education | 11.0 | < 0.001*** | ||
No formal education | 18 (23) | 62 (77) | ||
Formal education | 146 (43) | 197 (57) | ||
Number of children with partner | 2.6 | 0.271 | ||
0–2 | 71 (37) | 123 (63) | ||
3–5 | 65 (38) | 106 (62) | ||
6 and above | 28 (48) | 30 (52) | ||
Source of income | 16.5 | < 0.001*** | ||
Yes | 35 (64) | 20 (36) | ||
No | 129 (35) | 239 (65) | ||
Whether partner accessed ANC information during most recent pregnancy | 64.7 | < 0.001*** | ||
Yes | 139(54) | 118(46) | ||
No | 25(15) | 141(85) | ||
Relational predictors | ||||
Whether there were frequent discussions on ANC | 123.5 | < 0.001*** | ||
Yes | 145 (63) | 86 (33) | ||
No | 19 (10) | 173 (90) | ||
Whether respondent lives/lived with partner during most recent pregnancy | 16.5 | < 0.001*** | ||
Yes | 131 (45) | 158 (55) | ||
No | 33 (25) | 101(75) | ||
Whether respondent lives/lived with other family members during most recent pregnancy | 0.003 | 1.000 | ||
Yes | 99 (39) | 157 (61) | ||
No | 65 (39) | 102 (61) | ||
Whether peers influence affects male involvement in ANC | 0.02 | 0.920 | ||
Yes | 90 (38) | 144 (62) | ||
No | 74 (39) | 115 (61) | ||
Institutional predictors | ||||
Whether health facilities promote male involvement in ANC | 1.43 | 0.240 | ||
Yes | 152 (40) | 231 (60) | ||
No | 12 (30) | 28 (70) | ||
Whether absence of male staff affects male involvement in ANC | 0.31 | 0.711 | ||
Yes | 2 (29) | 5 (71) | ||
No | 162 (39) | 254 (61) | ||
Whether lack of privacy affects male involvement in ANC | 0.15 | 0.709 | ||
Yes | 11 (35) | 20 (65) | ||
No | 153 (39) | 239 (61) | ||
Whether long waiting time affects male involvement in ANC | 0.51 | 0.494 | ||
Yes | 119 (38) | 196 (62) | ||
No | 45 (42) | 63 (58) | ||
Whether fear of HIV test affects male involvement in ANC | 0.15 | 0.842 | ||
Yes | 83 (38) | 134 (62) | ||
No | 81 (39) | 125 (61) | ||
Whether attitude of health workers affects male involvement in ANC | 1.93 | 0.187 | ||
Yes | 17(30) | 39 (70) | ||
No | 147(40) | 220 (60) | ||
Whether distance from partner’s home to health facility affects male involvement in ANC | 8.63 | 0.004* | ||
Less than 3 km | 64(32) | 139(68) | ||
More than 3 km | 100(45) | 120(55) | ||
Societal predictors | ||||
Whether cultural norms affect male involvement in ANC | 4.6 | 0.035* | ||
Yes | 82(34) | 157(66) | ||
No | 82(45) | 102(55) | ||
Whether structures that affect male involvement in ANC | 2.7 | 0.108 | ||
Yes | 130 (41) | 187 (59) | ||
No | 34 (32) | 72 (68) | ||
Whether there are policy factors/initiatives that affect male involvement in ANC | 1.70 | 0.229 | ||
Yes | 96 (41) | 135 (59) | ||
No | 68 (35) | 124 (65) | ||