Table 1 Basic and clinical characteristics of the study population
Characteristic | Total (n = 184) | Adequate GWG (n = 164) | Excessive GWG (n = 20) | χ2/t/Z | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline demographic | |||||
 Age (years) | 30.17 ± 3.94 | 30.30 ± 3.87 | 29.10 ± 4.44 | 1.288 | 0.199 |
 Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.53 ± 2.55 | 21.61 ± 2.60 | 20.82 ± 2.00 | 1.322 | 0.188 |
 Education | |||||
  Middle school and less | 17 (9.24%) | 15 (9.15%) | 2 (10.00%) | 0.043 | 0.979 |
  High and secondary school | 68 (36.96%) | 61 (37.20%) | 7 (35.00%) | ||
  College and higher | 99 (53.80%) | 88 (53.66%) | 11 (55.00%) | ||
 Residence | |||||
  Rural | 22 (11.96%) | 20 (12.20%) | 2 (10.00%) | — |  > 0.999 |
  Urban | 162 (88.04%) | 144 (87.80%) | 18 (90.00%) | ||
Relevant surgical history | |||||
 Pelvic or abdominal surgery | |||||
  No | 143 (77.72%) | 127 (77.44%) | 16 (80.00%) | — |  > 0.999 |
  Yes | 41 (22.28%) | 37 (22.56%) | 4 (20.00%) | ||
 IVF-ET | |||||
  No | 93 (50.54%) | 80 (48.78%) | 13 (65.00%) | 1.876 | 0.171 |
 Yes | 91 (49.46%) | 84 (51.22%) | 7 (35.00%) | ||
 Cervical surgery | |||||
  No | 179 (97.28%) | 159 (96.95%) | 20 (100.00%) | — |  > 0.999 |
  Yes | 5 (2.72%) | 5 (3.05%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Obstetrical clinical features | |||||
 Pregnancies | 2 (1,2) | 2 (1,2) | 1.5 (1,2) | 0.173 | 0.863 |
 Gestation (weeks) | 37 (36.14,37.5) | 37(36.14,37.43) | 37.43(36.21,37.71) | 1.664 | 0.096 |
 Total birthweight (g) | 5106.45 ± 599.58 | 5080.24 ± 563.14 | 5321.3 ± 829.03 | -1.265 | 0.22 |
 BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 28.41 ± 2.92 | 28.06 ± 2.76 | 31.28 ± 2.62 | -4.947 |  < 0.001 |
 GWG (kg) | 17.6 ± 5.49 | 16.46 ± 4.55 | 26.95 ± 3.07 | -13.568 |  < 0.001 |
Delivery mode | |||||
 Cesarean delivery | 182 (98.91%) | 162 (98.78%) | 20 (100.00%) | — |  > 0.999 |
 Vaginal delivery | 2 (1.09%) | 2 (1.22%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||