Table 2 Maternal socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in Gambia, GDHS 2019-20 (n = 897)
Variables | EBF Prevalence | Total, n (%) | 95% CI | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | Â | Â | ||||
Age of mother (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
|  | 15–24 | 144(49.65) | 146(50.35) | 290(32.30) |  |  | |
|  | 25–34 | 197(44.30) | 247(55.70) | 444(49.53) | 1.05(0.79,1.38) | 0.752 | |
|  | 35–49 | 75(46.14) | 88(53.86) | 163(18.17) | 1.08(0.75, 1.56) | 0.664 | |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Never in union | 28(53.87) | 24(46.13) | 53(5.88) | Â | Â | |
| Â | In union | 387(45.90) | 457(54.10) | 844(94.12) | 0.71(0.41,1.23) | 0.23 | |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | No formal education | 187(47.74) | 205(52.26) | 392(43.70) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Primary | 71(46.63) | 81(53.37) | 153(17.03) | 0.92(0.66,1.29) | 0.631 | |
| Â | Secondary | 142(45.48) | 171(54.52) | 313(34.96) | 1.11(0.82,1.48) | 0.509 | |
| Â | Higher | 15(38.58) | 24(61.42) | 39(4.31) | 1.10(0.52, 2.34) | 0.801 | |
Maternal occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Currently not working | 169(44.50) | 211(55.50) | 380(42.41) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Currently working | 246(47.74) | 270(52.26) | 516(57.59) | 0.98(0.75,1.27) | 0.870 | |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | mandinka/jahanka | 122(41.37) | 174(58.63) | 296(33.04) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Wollof | 69(62.90) | 41(37.10) | 110(12.32) | 0.41(0.27, 0.62) | 0.001 | |
| Â | jola/karoninka | 16(31.45) | 36(68.55) | 52(5.79) | 1.14(0.59,2.62) | 0.567 | |
| Â | fula/tukulur/lorobo | 89(44.52) | 111(55.48) | 200(22.22) | 0.82(0.58, 1.16) | 0.265 | |
| Â | Serere | 17(67.64) | 8(32.36) | 25(2.79) | 0.24(0.09,0.66) | 0.005 | |
| Â | Sarahule | 38(45.05) | 46(54.95) | 84(9.35) | 0.94(0.42,0.98) | 0.042 | |
| Â | creole/aku marabout | 2(79.85) | 0.5(20.15) | 2.5(0.28) | 0.53(0.07, 3.80) | 0.525 | |
| Â | Manjago | 1.2(39.68) | 2.0(60.32) | 3.2(0.36) | 0.53(0.07,3.79) | 0.523 | |
| Â | Bambara | 10(73.48) | 4(26.52) | 14(1.51) | 0.33(0.11,1.03) | 0.056 | |
| Â | Other | 1(27.41) | 4(72.59) | 5(0.61) | 1.58(0.16,15.36) | 0.695 | |
| Â | non-Gambian | 49(46.81) | 56(53.19) | 105(11.74) | 0.64(0.41, 1.01) | 0.051 | |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Urban | 296(53.03) | 262(46.97) | 558(62.31) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Rural | 119(35.36) | 219(64.64) | 338(37.69) | 1.84(1.43, 2.38) | 0.0001 | |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Banjul | 4(51.05) | 3(48.95) | 7(0.83) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Kanifing | 834(55.76) | 66(44.24) | 150(16.74) | 1.02(0.48,2.12) | 0.966 | |
| Â | Brikama | 172(51.55) | 162(48.45) | 335(37.32) | 1.21(0.60, 2.41) | 0.597 | |
| Â | Mansakonko | 14(38.28) | 23(61.72) | 37(4.08) | 1.93(0.91,4.08) | 0.086 | |
| Â | Kerewan | 48(39.63) | 74(60.37) | 122(13.65) | 1.79(0.89,3.58) | 0.102 | |
| Â | Kuntaur | 23(42.93) | 31(57.07) | 54(6.03) | 1.68(0.83,3.40) | 0.146 | |
| Â | Janjanbureh | 21(31.71) | 46(68.29) | 67(7.44) | 2.39(1.18, 4.85) | 0.016 | |
| Â | Basse | 49(39.18) | 76(60.82) | 125(13.92) | 1.70(0.86,3.32) | 0.124 | |
Total children ever born | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
|  | < 5 | 302(47.80) | 329(52.20) | 631(70.38) |  |  | |
|  | 5–6 | 74(45.74) | 87(54.26) | 161(17.95) | 1.17(0.84, 1.63) | 0.363 | |
|  | 7–8 | 24(31.65) | 51(68.35) | 75(8.38) | 1.58(1.01,2.48) | 0.044 | |
|  | = 9+ | 17(56.50) | 13(43.50) | 30(3.28) | 0.77(0.41,1.45) | 0.417 | |
Number of under-five children | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
|  | 0–2 | 176(50.56) | 172(49.44) | 349(38.89) |  |  | |
|  | 3–5 | 164(43.16) | 216(56.84) | 380(42.34) | 1.24(0.94, 1.65) | 0.134 | |
| Â | 5+ | 75(44.89) | 93(55.11) | 168(18.76) | 1.29(0.92,1.84) | 0.144 | |
Household wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Poorest | 66(33.27) | 132(66.73) | 199(22.13) | Â | Â | |
| Â | Poorer | 103(51.97) | 96(48.03) | 199(22.12) | 0.62(0.44, 0.87) | 0.006 | |
| Â | Middle | 72(40.34) | 106(59.66) | 178(19.86) | 0.82(0.57,1.18) | 0.295 | |
| Â | Richer | 81(54.52) | 67(45.48) | 148(16.47) | 0.48(0.32,0.73) | 0.001 | |
| Â | Richest | 94(54.16) | 79(45.84) | 173(19.32) | 0.54(0.35,0.83) | 0.005 | |
Media exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Listening to radio | No | 260(46.53) | 299(53.47) | 559(62.37) | Â | Â |
| Â | Yes | 156(46.09) | 181(53.91) | 337(37.63) | 0.94(0.73, 1.21) | 0.635 | |
| Â | Watching to TV | No | 179(43.15) | 271(56.25) | 450(49.83) | Â | Â |
| Â | Yes | 236(56.85) | 210(43.75) | 447(50.17) | 0.67(0.52, 0.86) | 0.002 | |
| Â | Reading to newspaper | No | 413(46.78) | 469(53.22) | 882(98.41) | Â | Â |
| Â | Yes | 3(20.61) | 12(79.39) | 15(1.59) | 2.68(0.74, 9.68) | 0.131 | |