Table 3 Covariates by primary outcomes, California, 2016; n = 1202
Characteristics | Perceived discrimination due to language n = 1196 n (weighted %) | Perceived pressure for any medical interventionsa n = 1184 n (weighted %) | Experienced any form of mistreatmentb n = 1194 n (weighted %) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Yes n = 71 (5.4%) | No n = 1125 (94.6%) | p valuec | Yes n = 266 (23.1%) | No n = 918 (76.9%) | p valuec | Yes n = 121 (10.1%) | No n = 1073 (89.9%) | p valuec |
Maternal age (years)d | |||||||||
 18–24 | 24 (5.5) | 327 (94.6) | 0.36 | 84 (24.9) | 264 (75.1) | 0.56 | 32 (8.2) | 318 (91.8) | 0.2 |
 25–29 | 21 (5.9) | 317 (94.1) |  | 76 (23.7) | 259 (76.3) |  | 39 (12.1) | 299 (87.9) |  |
 30–34 | 11 (3.5) | 291 (96.5) |  | 61 (21.0) | 236 (79) |  | 25 (8.5) | 277 (91.5) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 14 (6.9) | 175 (93.1) |  | 39 (20.2) | 150 (79.8) |  | 23 (12.5) | 165 (87.5) |  |
Country of birth | |||||||||
 U.S | 23 (3.3) | 633 (96.7) |  < 0.001 | 175 (27) | 473 (73) |  < 0.001 | 61 (9.2) | 592 (90.8) | 0.19 |
 Other country | 46 (8.4) | 471 (91.6) |  | 85 (17) | 428 (83) |  | 58 (11.6) | 460 (88.4) |  |
Maternal education | |||||||||
 High school or less | 47 (7.1) | 541 (92.9) | 0.01f | 124 (22.4) | 456 (77.6) | 0.88 | 56 (9.2) | 532 (90.8) | 0.61 |
 Some college | 12 (2.8) | 397 (97.2) |  | 94 (23.5) | 311 (76.5) |  | 43 (10.8) | 366 (89.2) |  |
 College | 7 (5.1) | 118 (94.9) |  | 28 (22.7) | 97 (77.3) |  | 15 (12.6) | 110 (87.4) |  |
 Some graduate school or higher | 3 (4.1) | 61 (95.9) |  | 18 (26.9) | 46 (73.1) |  | 5 (8.0) | 59 (92.0) |  |
Relationship status | |||||||||
 Married | 25 (4.0) | 524 (96.0) |  < 0.01 | 128 (24.0) | 415 (76.0) | 0.81 | 54 (9.6) | 494 (90.4) | 0.78 |
 Living with someone | 24 (5.1) | 399 (94.9) |  | 88 (22.2) | 329 (77.8) |  | 41 (10.2) | 382 (89.8) |  |
 Single or divorced/separated | 22 (9.9) | 184 (90.1) |  | 46 (22.4) | 161 (77.6) |  | 25 (11.4) | 181 (88.6) |  |
Insurance type | |||||||||
 Private | 8 (2.1) | 341 (97.9) |  < 0.001 | 87 (25.0) | 260 (75.0) | 0.36 | 39 (11.0) | 310 (89.0) | 0.51 |
 Medi-Cal or uninsured | 62 (6.8) | 763 (93.2) |  | 175 (22.4) | 639 (77.6) |  | 79 (9.7) | 744 (90.3) |  |
Parity | |||||||||
 Primiparous | 26 (6.3) | 376 (93.7) | 0.32 | 109 (28.4) | 290 (71.6) |  < 0.01 | 44 (11.4) | 356 (88.6) | 0.32 |
 Multiparous | 45 (4.9) | 749 (95.1) |  | 157 (20.5) | 628 (79.5) |  | 77 (9.5) | 717 (90.5) |  |
Mode of delivery for most recent birth | |||||||||
 Vaginal | 44 (4.6) | 809 (95.4) | 0.07 | 175 (20.9) | 674 (79.1) |  < 0.05 | 81 (9.5) | 774 (90.5) | 0.29 |
 Cesarean | 27 (7.1) | 316 (92.9) |  | 90 (27.8) | 244 (72.2) |  | 40 (11.5) | 299 (88.5) |  |
Type of provider present at birth | |||||||||
 Obstetrician | 36 (4.3) | 727 (95.7) | 0.14f | 179 (24.1) | 575 (75.9) |  < 0.05 | 78 (10.0) | 683 (90.0) | 0.96 |
 Midwife | 9 (6.5) | 128 (93.5) |  | 17 (11.5) | 119 (88.5) |  | 13 (10.6) | 124 (89.4) |  |
 Family medicine or other physician | 14 (6.1) | 205 (93.9) |  | 47 (22.9) | 168 (77.1) |  | 21 (10.2) | 198 (89.8) |  |
Nurse practitioner or physician’s assistant or other | 7 (10.2) | 56 (89.8) |  | 17 (24.9) | 48 (75.1) |  | 6 (8.0) | 58 (92.0) |  |
Gestational age at birthd,e | |||||||||
 < 37 weeks | 5 (5.6) | 77 (94.4) | 0.81f | 16 (21.7) | 63 (78.3) | 0.87 | 4 (4.9) | 78 (95.1) | 0.12 |
  > 37 weeks | 60 (5.2) | 981 (94.8) |  | 228 (22.6) | 806 (77.4) |  | 107 (10.3) | 933 (89.7) |  |
Birth weight | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  ≤ 2500 g | 6 (7.4) | 69 (92.6) | 0.64f | 17 (22.8) | 57 (77.2) | 0.54 | 7 (9.8) | 67 (90.2) | 0.69 |
 2500–3999 g | 55 (5.0) | 928 (95.0) |  | 223 (23.6) | 752 (76.4) |  | 98 (9.9) | 885 (90.1) |  |
  ≥ 4000 g | 5 (3.8) | 97 (96.2) |  | 20 (18.7) | 82 (81.3) |  | 13 (12.7) | 88 (87.3) |  |