Table 2 Household- level variables extracted from EDHS 2016 data set for studying factors associated with LBW

Household wealth

Scores were given to households based on the number and kinds of consumer goods they owned

0. Poorest

1. Poor

2. Middle

3. Rich

4. Richest

Family Size

The number of people who lived in the mother’s house

0. < 3

1. 4–7

2. > 7

Type toilet [18]

It is divided into two categories: improved (any non-shared toilet of the following types: flush/pour flush toilets to piped sewer systems, septic tanks, and pit latrines, ventilated improved pit [VIP] latrines, pit latrines with slabs, and composting toilets); and unimproved (shared toilet, flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic tank/pit latrine, pit latrine without slab/open pit, hanging latrine and others)

0. Improved

1. Unimproved

Drinking water source [19]

Listed as either unimproved sources (such as an unprotected dug well and spring, a tanker truck or cart with a small tank, and surface water) or improved sources (such as piped water, public taps, standpipes, tube wells, boreholes, protected dug wells and springs, and bottled water)

0. Improved

1. Unimproved

Location of water source

The location of the drinking water source

0. In dwelling/yard

1. Elsewhere

Share toilet with other home/s

Whether toilets are shared between a group of households in a single building or plot

0.No

1. Yes

Water collection time [19]

How long it takes to get water

0. < 30 min

1. > 30 min

Person fetching water

Water fetcher, conducted for off-premises sources

0. Adult female

1. Adult male

2. Child < 15 years

3. Other

Place where family members wash hands

Location of a hand washing facility

0. Fixed place

1. Mobile place

2. Not indwelling

Essential agents

Presence of water and/or detergents near handwashing stations

0. Yes

1.No

Water treatment

Filtering, boiling, adding bleach, and solar disinfection (SODIS) were considered to be effective water treatment techniques

0.No

1. Yes

Service continuity

Water service interruption for a full day or more over the last 14 days

0.No

1. Yes

Disposal of child faeces

Ways of disposing faeces

0. Left open

1. Rinse in the ditch

2. Garbage

3. Burry

4. Rinse in the toilet

Cooking fuel [20]

A new category called "clean fuel" was created by combining the categories of electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and biogas. As "solid fuel," items such as coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrub/grass, crops, and animal manure were merged

0. Solid fuel

1. Clean fuel

Flooring type [21]

Natural [Earth, sand, clay, mud, dung]

Rudimentary [Tablets/wood planks, Palm, bamboo, Mat, Adobe]

Finished [Parquet, polished wood, Vinyl, asphalt strips, floor mat, Linoleum, Ceramic tiles, mosaic, Cement, Carpet, Stone, Bricks]

0. Natural

1. Rudimentary

2. Finished

Wall type [21]

Natural [No wall, Cane/palm/trunks Grass/thatch/palm leaf, Dirt, Mud and sticks, Tin/cardboard/paper/ bags, Thatched/straw]

Rudimentary [Bamboo with mud, Stone with mud, uncovered Adobe, Plywood, Cardboard, Reused wood, Trunks with mud, Un-burnt bricks, Un-burnt bricks with plaster, Un-burnt bricks with mud]

Finished [Cement, Stone with lime/cement, Bricks, Cement blocks, Covered adobe, Wood planks/shingles, Burnt bricks with cement]

0. Natural

1. Rudimentary

2. Finished

Roof type [21]

Natural [No roof, sod, straw, Grass/thatch/palm leaf]

Rudimentary [Rustic mat, palm/bamboo, wood planks, cardboard, tarpaulin, plastic]

Finished [Metal, wood, cement, ceramic tiles, roofing shingles, calamine/cement fibber, slate roofing sheet]

0. Natural

1. Rudimentary

2. Finished