Table 1 Demographics of mothers and their offspring

N

16

28

23

Field center, N (%)

PUMCH, Beijing

6 (37.5)

11 (39.3)

7 (30.4)

0.81

XTPH, Hebei

10 (62.5)

17 (60.7)

16 (69.6)

Maternal parity, N (%)

First child

11 (68.8)

8 (28.6)

14 (60.9)

0.02

Subsequent child

5 (31.2)

20 (71.4)

9 (39.1)

New born sex, N (%)

Male

12 (75.0)

15 (53.6)

14 (60.9)

0.41

Female

4 (25.0)

13 (46.4)

9 (39.1)

Mode of delivery, N (%)

Vaginal

7 (43.8)

10 (35.7)

3 (13.0)

0.08

Cesarean section

9 (56.2)

18 (64.3)

20 (87.0)

Maternal Characteristics, Mean (SD)

Maternal age (years)

31.4 (4.6)

33.7 (6.7)

30.9 (5.3)

0.20

Gestational age (weeks)

38.7 (1.1)

38.4 (0.9)

39.0 (1.1)

0.13

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

22.4 (3.4)

23.4 (3.5)

25.1 (2.6)

0.03

Gestational weight gain(kg)

14.8 (5.2)

14.2 (6.0)

15.5 (5.8)

0.74

Mean arterial pressure(mmHg)

89.5 (10.2)

89.2 (9.2)

89.6 (9.7)

0.94

Maternal GDM, N (%)

8 (50.0)

18 (64.3)

13 (56.5)

0.67

Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L)

4.6 (0.7)

4.7 (0.6)

4.6 (0.5)

0.78

Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)

2.7 (2.3)

2.2 (0.6)

2.3 (0.7)

0.37

Fasting Insulin (µIU/mL)

10.7 (6.8)

11.8 (3.8)

13.7 (5.6)

0.27

Leptin (ng/mL)

644.9 (494.1)

413.5 (311.1)

518.5 (391.8)

0.17

Adiponectin (ng/mL)

6135.8 (3230.1)

6908.0 (5258.9)

6641.8 (393.2)

0.88

Newborn Characteristics, Mean (SD)

Birthweight(g)

2739.4 (250.7)

3300.4 (133.2)

4097.0 (238.2)

 < 0.001

Cord glucose(mmol/L)

4.4 (1.3)

4.5 (1.6)

4.4 (2.1)

0.98

Cord C-peptide (ng/mL)

0.6 (0.2)

1.1 (1.3)

1.4 (0.9)

0.08

Cord Insulin (µIU/mL)

4.2 (2.2)

6.9 (3.9)

14.9 (21.1)

0.04

Cord Leptin (ng/mL)

43.7 (42.8)

118.7 (203.5)

355.6 (531.5)

0.02

Cord Adiponectin (ng/mL)

26,221.2 (8062.6)

27,014.2(10,613.8)

28,995.6 (9760.0)

0.72