Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study sample*

Mother’s age (mean, SD)**

27.49 (6.44)

27.59 (6.24)

0.78

Mother’s education ***

0.40

 None

27 (13.77)

19 (9.69)

 Primary

40 (20.41)

39 (19.89)

 Secondary

118 (60.21)

122 (62.25)

 Higher

11 (5.61)

16 (8.17)

Gestational age for termination of pregnancy in week (mean, range)**

39 (38–40)

39 (38–40)

0.87

Body Mass Index (BMI) (mean, SD)**

29.81 (4.25)

29.87 (4.65)

0.944

Estimated fetal weight in gram (mean, SD)**

3100(383.5)

3200 (385.0)

0.016

Anesthesia method***

0.002

 Spinal Analgesia

59(30.10)

104(53.06)

 Epidural analgesia

6(3.06)

3(1.53)

 Pain relievers by intramuscular injection

109(55.61)

62(31.63)

 Without any pain relieving methods

22(11.23)

27(13.78)

Indication of induction ***

0.87

 High blood pressure without preeclampsia

5(2.55)

3(1.53)

 Decreased intrauterine growth / oligohydramnios

5(2.55)

3(1.53)

 Diabetes mellitus

4(2.03)

5(2.55)

 Duration of delivery

57(29.80)

62(31.63)

 Rupture of the amniotic sac

80(40.80)

76(38.78)

 Others

45(22.90)

47(23.98)

Mode of induction ***

0.501

 Oxytocin

184(93.88)

187(95.41)

 Misoprostol

12(6.12)

9(4.59)

Indication for cesarean section***

0.28

 Prolong Labor

2(16.66)

4(23.52)

 Fetal distress with meconium in the process of induction of labor

2(16.66)

1(5.88)

 Fetal distress caused by an abnormal fetal heart pattern in the process of induction of labor

6(50.00)

12(70.58)

 Others

2(16.66)

0 (0.00)

Number of Pregnancies ***

0.21

 Nulliparous

87(44.38)

83(42.34)

 Multiparous

109(55.62)

113(57.66)

Final position of fetal head ***

0.30

 Anterior occiput

193(98.47)

190(96.94)

 Posterior occiput

3(1.53)

6(3.06)

Type of delivery ***

0.51

 Vaginal delivery

184(93.87)

179(91.32)

 Cesarean delivery

12(6.13)

17(8.68)