Table 3 Bivariate analysis of birth asphyxia by intrapartum infections, complications, birth and newborn characteristics

Intrapartum infections

 Positive peripheral malaria^a

1(0.6)

37(1.4)

38(1.3)

0.47(0.64–3.47)

0.461

 Positive placental malaria^a

5(3.3)

56(2.0)

61(2.1)

1.62(0.64–4.10)

0.310

 Positive syphilis (RPR) test ^b

9(5.9)

102(3.7)

111(3.8)

1.61(0.80–3.25)

0.181

 Positive HIV status^c

13(8.8)

256(9.9)

269(9.9)

0.88(0.49–1.58)

0.665

 High WBC(> 10 × 10³/mm³) ^d

129(86.0)

1956(71.9)

2085(72.7)

2.39(1.50–3.83)

 < 0.001

Intrapartum complications^e

 Referral status

59(38.6)

368(13.3)

427(14.6)

4.09(2.90–5.77)

 < 0.001

 Prolonged > 18 h

89 (58.2)

810(29.3)

899(30.8)

3.35(2.41–4.67)

 < 0.001

 Obstructed labor

32(20.8)

139(5.0)

171(5.9)

4.96(3.25–7.59)

 < 0.001

 Labor induction/augmentation

35(22.7)

187(6.8)

222(7.6)

4.06(2.71–6.10)

 < 0.001

 Premature rupture of membranes

11(7.1)

55(2.0)

66(2.3)

3.80(1.94–7.41)

 < 0.001

 Mal-presentation/ position

20(13.0)

72(2.6)

92(3.1)

5.60(3.31–9.46)

 < 0.001

 Fetal distress

96(63.2)

164(5.9)

260(8.9)

27.18(18.86–39.17)

 < 0.001

Birth and newborn characteristics

 Mode of birth

  Spontaneous vaginal birth

99(65.6)

2277(82.9)

2376(82.0)

1

  Cesarean section

39(25.8)

435(15.8)

474(16.4)

2.06(1.40–3.03)

 < 0.001

  Assisted vaginal birth

13(8.6)

34(1.2)

47(1.6)

8.79(4.50–17.19)

 < 0.001

 Sex of the newborn

  Male

99(65.1)

1388(50.7)

1487(51.4)

1.82(1.29–2.56)

0.001

  Female

53(34.9)

1351(49.3)

1404(48.6)

1

 Birth weight

   < 2500

12(8.0)

103(3.8)

115(4.0)

2.22(1.19–4.13)

0.012

  2500—3999

133(89.3)

2532(92.2)

2665(92.0)

1

  4000 + 

4(2.7)

111(4.0)

115(4.0)

0.69(0.25–1.89)

0.466