Table 2 Birth asphyxia by socio-demographic, maternal and care-seeking characteristics

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Maternal age (years)

   ≤ 19

68(44.2)

653(23.6)

721(24.7)

2.55(1.84–3.55)

 < 0.001

  20 + 

86 (55.8)

2110(76.4)

2196(75.3)

1

 Parity^π

  Primipara

86(56.2)

1100(39.6)

1186(40.5)

1.95(1.41–2.71)

 < 0.001

  Multipara

67(43.8)

1675(60.4)

1742(59.5)

1

 Mother’s educational level (years)

  None/Primary

111(72.6)

1677(60.5)

1788(61.1)

1.63(1.11–2.40)

0.013

  Secondary

36(23.5)

887(32.0)

923(31.6)

1

  Tertiary

6(3.9)

207(7.5)

213(7.3)

0.71(0.30–1.71)

0.452

 Employment status

  Unemployed

137(89.5)

2037(73.4)

2174(74.3)

1

  Employed

16(10.5)

737(26.6)

753(25.7)

0.32(0.19–0.54)

 < 0.001

 Wealth quintiles

  First (Lowest)

53(35.6)

540(20.8)

593(20.8)

2.21(1.56–3.13)

 < 0.001

  Second to Fifth

96(64.4)

2158(80.0)

2254(79.2)

1

Maternal characteristics

 Hemoglobin levels (g/dl) ^∞

  Low HB (< 11.0 g/dl)

36(23.7)

490(17.9)

526(18.2)

1.42(0.97–2.09)

0.074

  Normal (≥ 11.0 g/dl)

116(76.3)

2247(82.1)

2363(81.8)

1

Care seeking characteristics

 Distance from home to hospital (Km) ^γ

  0–5 km

40(26.9)

1359(50.6)

1399(49.4)

1

  5.1–10 km

30(20.1)

480(17.9)

510(18.0)

2.12(1.31–3.45)

0.002

  More than 10 km

79(53.0)

844(31.5)

923(32.6)

3.18(2.15–4.70)

 < 0.001

 Number of antenatal care visits^β

  0–3

63(41.2)

1180(42.7)

1243(42.7)

0.94(0.67–1.30)

0.701

  4 + 

90(58.8)

1580(57.3)

1670(57.3)

1

 Hospital

  Public

58(37.7)

1407(50.7)

1465(50.0)

1

  Private

96(62.3)

1369(49.3)

1465(50.0)

1.70(1.22–2.38)

0.002

Took IPT during pregnancy^£

138(90.2)

2508(90.7)

2646(90.7)

0.95(0.55–1.64)

0.844

History of fever during pregnancy^k

88(57.9)

1160(42.1)

1248(42.9)

1.89(1.36–2.64)

 < 0.001