Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age (years) ^a

30.23 (5.85)

Maternal weight at first (kg) ^a

70.10 (11.81)

Maternal BMI (kg/m²) ^a

27.41(4.75)

Gravidity ^b

2 (1–3)

Parity ^b

1 (0–2)

> 1^c

433 (58.0)

GWG (kg) ^b

10.9 (7.77–13.4)

UC C-peptide (ng/ml) ^b

1.58 (0.93–2.24)

Gestational age at delivery (weeks) ^a

38.93 (2.96)

Type of delivery (CS)^c

17 (2.29)

GDM ^c

99 (11.84)

Preeclampsia ^c

29 (3.87)

End of pregnancy ^c

Term

715 (95.46)

Abortion

6 (0.80)

Preterm

28 (3.74)

Infant sex (male)^c

108 (49.54)

Birth weight (gr) ^a

3343.8 (421.12)

Macrosomia ^c

50 (6.0)

LBW ^c

11 (5.02)

NICU admission ^c

14 (1.67)

Fetal hypoglycemia ^c

2 (0.24)

Fetal hypocalcemia ^c

3 (0.36)

Birth trauma ^c

2 (0.24)

IUFD ^c

3 (0.36)