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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Association of pre-pregnancy low-carbohydrate diet with maternal oral glucose tolerance test levels in gestational diabetes

 

LC/GDM (N = 20)

Con/GDM (N = 80)

Con/Healthy (N = 80)

p-value

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age(years)

 Mean (SD)

31.4 ± 3.98

30.1 ± 3.38

31.1 ± 3.59

0.147

 N (%)

   

1.000

   ≤ 35

19 (95)

76 (95)

76 (95)

 

   > 35

1 (5)

4(5)

4 (5)

Parity, n (%)

   

1.000

 Nulliparous

18 (90)

72 (90)

72 (90)

 

 Multiparous

2 (10)

8 (10)

8 (10)

Education, n (%)

   

0.595

 High school and lower

3 (15)

15 (18.75)

19 (23.75)

 

 College and above

17 (85)

65 (81.25)

61 (76.25)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 Mean (SD)

19.1 ± 2.00

19.7 ± 2.32

19.5 ± 2.30

0.647

 n (%)

   

1.000

  < 18.5

10 (50)

40 (50)

40 (50)

 

  18.5–23.9

9 (45)

36 (45)

36 (45)

  ≥ 24

1 (5)

4 (5)

4 (5)

Race, n (%)

   

1.000

 Han

20 (100)

78 (97.5)

77 (96.25)

 

 Non-Han

0 (0)

2 (2.5)

3 (3.75)

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

   

1.000

 NO

18 (90)

72 (90)

72 (90)

 

 Yes

2 (10)

8 (10)

8 (10)

 

Blood pressure

 Systolic (mmHg)

107.8 ± 16.7

112.7 ± 11.1

109.2 ± 11.5

0.102

 Diastolic (mmHg)

69.6 ± 12.9

70.6 ± 11.1

70.2 ± 10.0

0.923

Lipid profile

    

 TG (mmol/L)

1.28 ± 0.79

1.32 ± 0.50

1.21 ± 0.44

0.345

 TC (mmol/L)

4.31 ± 0.94

4.57 ± 0.71b

4.19 ± 0.82

 < 0.05

 LDLC (mmol/L)

2.45 ± 0.81

2.46 ± 0.65

2.23 ± 0.75

0.104

 HDLC (mmol/L)

2.19 ± 0.49

2.08 ± 0.49

1.99 ± 0.44

0.182

Gestational weight gain

 Gestational weeks (wk)

13.2 ± 3.0

12.5 ± 1.2

12.5 ± 0.9

0.125

 1st trimester

1.95 ± 2.72

2.18 ± 2.60

1.92 ± 2.32

0.798

 Gestational week interval (wk)

16.4 ± 2.6

16.3 ± 1.5

16.3 ± 1.2

0.945

 2nd trimester

5.72 ± 2.08a

7.01 ± 2.41b

8.33 ± 2.56c

 < 0.001

 Gestational week interval (wk)

9.5 ± 1.5a

10.8 ± 1.2

10.8 ± 1.6c

 < 0.05

 3rd trimester

3.11 ± 1.75

3.31 ± 2.30b

5.26 ± 2.54c

 < 0.001

 Gestational weeks (wk)

39.1 ± 0.7

39.2 ± 1.6

39.7 ± 1.6

0.072

 Total weight gain

10.8 ± 3.93

12.5 ± 4.42b

15.5 ± 4.45c

 < 0.001

Preeclampsia, n (%)

   

0.792

 No

19 (95)

78 (97.5)

78 (97.5)

 

 Yes

1 (5)

2 (2.5)

2 (2.5)

 

Thyroid dysfunction

   

0.904

 No

19 (95)

75 (93.75)

74 (92.5)

 

 Yes

1 (5)

5 (6.25)

6 (7.5)

 

Mode of delivery

   

0.102

 Vaginal birth

6 (30)

47 (58.75)

42 (52.5)

 

 Cesarean section

14 (70)

33 (41.25)

38 (47.5)

 

Gestational age (weeks)

39.1 ± 0.7

39.2 ± 1.6

39.7 ± 1.6

0.072

Child characteristics

Birth weight (g)

3113.4 ± 289.5

3193.7 ± 493.4

3267.9 ± 471.3

0.354

LGA, n (%)

0 (0)

4 (5)

5 (6.25)

0.534

SGA, n (%)

0 (0)

2 (2.5)

1 (1.25)

0.690

  1. LC Low carbohydrate diet, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, Con Conventional diet, SD Standard deviation, TG Triglyceride, TC Total cholesterol, LDLC Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDLC High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LGA Large-for gestational age, SGA Small-for gestational age
  2. aThe value for the LC/GDM group is significantly different from the value for the Con/GDM group (P < 0.05)
  3. bThe value for the Con/GDM group is significantly different from the value for the Con/Healthy group (P < 0.05)
  4. cThe value for the LC/GDM group is significantly different from the value for the Con/Healthy group (P < 0.05)
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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