Table 6 Comparison of semen parameters before and after processing between different etiological groups

Concentration (× 10⁶/mL)

44.02 ± 31.41^a

44.81 ± 29.91^a

55.85 ± 33.48^b

< 0.001

53.45 ± 47.32^a

56.11 ± 45.65^a

79.35 ± 56.28^b

< 0.001

Motility (%)

54.95 ± 14.31^a

57.29 ± 14.14^b

64.03 ± 13.26^c

< 0.001

90.26 ± 10.31^a

91.45 ± 9.29^a

94.75 ± 6.17^b

< 0.001

TPMSC (× 10⁶/mL)

54.81 ± 53.70^a

59.03 ± 55.44^b

84.94 ± 66.01^c

< 0.001

24.06 ± 22.97^a

25.69 ± 22.28^a

37.20 ± 27.45^b

< 0.001

VAP (µm/s)

6.55 ± 3.53^a

6.80 ± 3.45^a

8.45 ± 3.68^b

< 0.001

23.66 ± 6.03

23.49 ± 5.61

24.23 ± 5.80

0.113

VSL (µm/s)

3.69 ± 2.08^a

3.84 ± 2.00^a

4.74 ± 2.14^b

< 0.001

13.46 ± 3.75

13.46 ± 3.35

13.84 ± 3.60

0.231

VCL (µm/s)

12.45 ± 5.38^a

12.82 ± 5.37^a

15.24 ± 5.71^b

< 0.001

45.96 ± 11.04^ab

45.42 ± 10.37^a

46.87 ± 10.58^b

0.018

ALH (µm/s)

3.99 ± 0.46^a

4.03 ± 0.46^a

4.24 ± 0.49^b

< 0.001

6.46 ± 0.84

6.42 ± 0.78

6.53 ± 0.80

0.128

BCF (Hz)

4.97 ± 1.17^a

5.11 ± 1.15^a

5.64 ± 1.09^b

< 0.001

7.16 ± 0.78^a

7.28 ± 0.72^ab

7.26 ± 0.74^b

0.025

STR (%)

43.24 ± 8.29^a

44.21 ± 8.18^a

47.87 ± 8.26^b

< 0.001

71.32 ± 9.02

72.05 ± 8.38

72.23 ± 8.57

0.104

LIN (%)

31.88 ± 5.67^a

32.60 ± 5.59^a

35.20 ± 5.73^b

< 0.001

46.74 ± 5.85

47.32 ± 5.50

47.36 ± 5.62

0.056

Sperm head area (µm²)

5.27 ± 0.57^a

5.20 ± 0.50^a

5.05 ± 0.44^b

< 0.001

5.61 ± 0.61^a

5.57 ± 0.56^ab

5.53 ± 0.57^b

0.002