Table 2 Comparison of semen parameters before and after processing

Concentration (× 10⁶/mL)

50.86 ± 31.47

71.14 ± 54.85

20.28 ± 37.72

< 0.001

52.21 ± 33.29

71.12 ± 54.49

18.91 ± 38.43

< 0.001

Motility (%)

61.69 ± 14.55

93.42 ± 7.56

31.73 ± 12.08

< 0.001

61.29 ± 14.07

93.43 ± 7.89

32.14 ± 11.69

< 0.001

TPMSC (× 10⁶/mL)

75.04 ± 63.50

32.97 ± 26.79

-42.07 ± 37.64

< 0.001

75.60 ± 63.88

33.08 ± 26.60

-42.52 ± 37.99

< 0.001

VAP (µm/s)

7.82 ± 3.84

24.47 ± 5.78

16.65 ± 6.67

< 0.001

7.86 ± 3.69

23.94 ± 5.83

16.08 ± 6.70

< 0.001

VSL (µm/s)

4.42 ± 2.26

14.10 ± 3.75

9.69 ± 4.14

< 0.001

4.42 ± 2.14

13.66 ± 3.57

9.24 ± 4.04

< 0.001

VCL (µm/s)

14.32 ± 5.87

47.39 ± 10.38

33.07 ± 11.56

< 0.001

14.37 ± 5.72

46.35 ± 10.69

31.98 ± 11.82

< 0.001

ALH (µm/s)

4.16 ± 0.50

6.56 ± 0.79

2.40 ± 0.91

< 0.001

4.16 ± 0.49

6.49 ± 0.80

2.33 ± 0.92

< 0.001

BCF (Hz)

5.45 ± 1.20

7.24 ± 0.70

1.79 ± 1.36

< 0.001

5.43 ± 1.15

7.25 ± 0.75

1.81 ± 1.33

< 0.001

STR (%)

46.73 ± 9.05

72.54 ± 7.86

65.17 ± 19.48

< 0.001

46.43 ± 8.41

71.95 ± 8.75

65.55 ± 18.48

< 0.001

LIN (%)

34.32 ± 6.28

47.50 ± 5.15

13.18 ± 7.59

< 0.001

34.18 ± 5.81

47.19 ± 5.72

13.01 ± 7.84

< 0.001

Sperm head area (µm²)

5.08 ± 0.48

5.55 ± 0.58

0.47 ± 0.70

< 0.001

5.12 ± 0.49

5.55 ± 0.57

0.43 ± 0.72

< 0.001