Table 1 Clinical demographics of participants
|  | Primiparous mothers (n = 22) |
|---|---|
Age (years) | 30.6 ± 5.0 (19–40) |
Gestational age (week) | 39.7 ± 1.1 (36.0–41.4) |
Duration of labor (min) | 1025.0 ± 554.6 (378–2341) |
Number of nipple pores | |
 PD2 | 2.4 ± 0.8 (1–4) |
 PD4 | 5.2 ± 2.3 (1–9) |
Number of breastfeeding cycles per day | |
 PD1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 (0–4) |
 PD2 | 3.7 ± 1.0 (2–6) |
 PD3 | 4.8 ± 1.1 (3–7) |
Nocturnal sleep time (h) | |
 PD1 to 2 | 6.8 ± 2.1 (2.5–12) |
 PD3 to 4 | 5.5 ± 1.4 (2–8) |
Breast engorgement (severe / moderate / none) | |
 PD2 | 1 (4%) / 3 (14%) / 18 (82%) |
 PD4 | 5 (23%) / 15 (68%) / 2 (9%) |
 Induction medicine during labor (Yes / No) | 6 (27%) / 16 (73%) |
 Uterine contraction medicine after labor (Yes / No) | 2 (9%) / 20 (91%) |
 Perineotomy during labor (Yes / No) | 2 (9%) / 20 (91%) |
Duration of breastfeeding at the experiment (min) | |
 PD2 | 11.1 ± 3.5 (5–20) |
 PD4 | 17.3 ± 3.6 (7–20) |
State anxiety (STAI-State) | |
 PD2 | 39.9 ± 7.7 (27–54) |
 PD4 | 36.4 ± 9.1 (22–59) |
 Trait anxiety (STAI-Trait) | 41.1 ± 7.3 (27–54) |
 Breastfeeding style at 1-month follow-up (exclusive breastfeeding / mixed or formula) | 14 (64%) / 8 (36%) |
 Sex of child (boy / girl) | 12 (45%) / 10 (55%) |
Newborn crying before breastfeeding (existence /absence) | |
 PD2 | 3 (14%) / 19 (86%) |
 PD4 | 8 (36%) / 14 (64%) |