Table 2 Unadjusted bivariate analysis of the association between the explanatory variables and skilled birth attendance by survey years

Emotional IPV

 No (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.81(0.74–0.88)***

1.34(1.23–1.45)***

0.83(0.75–0.92)***

Physical IPV

 No (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.41(1.28–1.54)***

1.43(1.31–1.57)***

1.03(0.91–1.16)

Sexual IPV

 No (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.10(0.92–1.31)

0.78(0.67–0.90)**

0.60(0.49–0.72)***

Age

 15 – 24 (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 25 – 34

1.80(1.64–1.96)***

1.74(1.60–1.89)***

1.77(1.56–2.01)***

 35 and above

1.43(1.29–1.58)***

1.63(1.48–1.79)***

1.62(1.41–1.87)***

Educational attainment

 No education (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

5.42(4.89–6.02)***

5.28(4.77–5.86)***

5.39(4.57–6.35)***

 Secondary/tertiary

22.13(19.93–24.58)***

19.87(18.06–21.87)**

18.24(15.87–20.98)***

Employment status

 Not working (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Currently working

2.06(1.91–2.23)***

1.83(1.70–1.97)***

2.24(2.01–2.50)***

Wealth quintile

 Lowest (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Middle

3.84(3.44–4.28)***

4.79(4.31–5.33)***

4.21(3.65–4.86)***

 Highest

19.61(17.74–21.66)***

20.67(18.78–22.76)***

14.51(12.66–16.64)***

Place of residence

 Urban (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Rural

0.19(0.17–0.21)***

0.14(0.13–0.15)***

0.20(0.18–0.22)***

Covered by health insurance

 No (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

15.79(9.83–25.39)***

10.42(7.31–14.87)***

4.15(2.78–6.21)***

Decision on respondent's health

 Husband/partner alone (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Respondent and partner

2.77(2.57–2.99)***

3.68(3.42–3.96)***

3.65(3.26–4.08)***

 Respondent alone

3.77(3.30–4.31)***

4.97(4.26–5.77)***

3.09(2.58–3.70)***

Decision on how to spend respondent’s earnings

 Husband/partner alone (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Respondent and partner

2.50(2.12–2.94)***

1.46(1.25–1.70)***

2.87(2.23–3.68)***

 Respondent alone

0.87(0.76–1.00)*

0.71(0.62–0.81)***

1.11(0.89–1.37)