Table 1 Bivariable associations between sociodemographic, living environment, maternal health and medical history and pregnancy history variables and stillbirth
Domain | Variable | Categories | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Mothers age (years) | < 20 | 1.34 (0.73 to 2.47) | 0.349 |
20–24 | Reference category | |||
25–30 | 1.96 (1.31 to 2.95) | 0.001 | ||
31–35 | 2.19 (1.35 to 3.57) | 0.002 | ||
36–40 | 2.34 (1.41 to 3.89) | 0.001 | ||
> 40 | 3.68 (1.76 to 7.72) | 0.001 | ||
Monthly household income (NGN) | 45,001 or higher | Reference category | ||
Up to 45,000 | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.65) | 0.195 | ||
Employment status | Employed | Reference category | ||
Unemployed | 1.07 (0.80 to 1.43) | 0.633 | ||
Highest level of education | Secondary school or above | Reference category | ||
None or primary school | 3.40 (2.52 to 4.59) | < 0.001 | ||
Living environment | Distance travelled to the hospital | < 10 km | Reference category | |
10-30 km | 1.57 (1.15 to 2.14) | 0.005 | ||
31-50 km | 5.43 (3.14 to 9.39) | < 0.001 | ||
51-100 km | 5.18 (2.08 to 12.92) | < 0.001 | ||
> 100 km | 5.38 (1.83 to 15.83) | 0.002 | ||
Type of residence | Apartment or house | Reference category | ||
Shack or other | 2.59 (1.92 to 3.49) | < 0.001 | ||
Primary household water source | Municipal network | Reference category | ||
Not municipal network | 1.90 (1.22 to 2.96) | 0.004 | ||
Household toilet facilities | Toilet with flush | Reference category | ||
Pit latrine or other | 2.94 (2.20 to 3.94) | < 0.001 | ||
Health and medical history | Self-perceived nutritional status | Healthy Weight | Reference category | |
Overweight | 0.97 (0.51 to 1.84) | 0.918 | ||
Underweight | 1.97 (1.19 to 3.28) | 0.009 | ||
Medication | Antibiotics | 1.57 (0.98 to 2.50) | 0.061 | |
Anti-inflammatories | 2.15 (0.24 to 19.29) | 0.496 | ||
Pain relief | 0.65 (0.49 to 0.87) | 0.003 | ||
Traditional | 1.35 (0.92 to 1.98) | 0.126 | ||
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) | 2.15 (0.24 to 19.29) | 0.496 | ||
Other | 0.86 (0.46 to 1.64) | 0.655 | ||
Supplements | Vitamins | 1.03 (0.61 to 1.74) | 0.921 | |
Folic acid / iron / haemoglobin | 0.65 (0.48 to 0.88) | 0.006 | ||
Health conditions | Malaria | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.93) | 0.018 | |
Fever / Infection | 2.07 (0.99 to 4.35) | 0.054 | ||
Hypertension | 1.88 (1.26 to 2.82) | 0.002 | ||
Pregnancy History | Pregnancy history | Previous stillbirth | 2.96 (2.14 to 4.08) | < 0.001 |
Grand Multiparity (≥ 5 previous pregnancies) | 2.43 (1.82 to 3.24) | < 0.001 | ||