Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio estimates for behavioral perinatal health indicators among immigrant childbearing women in Manitoba, Canada
From: Psychosocial and behavioral health indicators among immigrant and non-immigrant recent mothers
International immigrants n = 33,754 | Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy (n = 29,983)c | Maternal smoking during pregnancy (n = 32,547)c | Maternal substance use during pregnancy (n = 29,867)c | Late initiation of Prenatal care (n = 32,261)c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | aOR (95% CI)b | |
Immigrants | ||||||||
 Primary | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
 Secondary | 0.77 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.70 (0.53, 0.93) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.97) | 0.64 (0.31, 1.30) | 0.81 (0.37, 1.78) | 1.63 (1.25, 2.13) | 1.32 (0.97, 1.78) |
Refugees | ||||||||
 Non-refugee | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
 Refugee | 1.18 (0.96, 1.46) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 1.98 (1.54, 2.53) | 1.20 (0.85, 1.71) | 2.60 (1.43, 4.76) | 0.94 (0.40, 2.19) | 2.43 (1.86, 3.17) | 1.59 (1.07, 2.36) |
Maternal birth region | ||||||||
 Western Europe | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | (−) | (−) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
 Southeast Asia | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.66, 1.60) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.82) | 0.63 (0.36, 1.11) | (−) | (−) | 1.37 (0.65, 2.92) | 1.88 (0.82, 4.30) |
 South & Rest of Asia | 0.31 (0.21, 0.45) | 0.45 (0.28, 0.71) | 0.28 (0.17, 0.45) | 0.40 (0.23, 0.72) | (−) | (−) | 0.96 (0.45, 2.08) | 1.23 (0.54, 2.82) |
 Eastern Europe | 1.43 (0.98, 2.09) | 1.96 (1.27, 3.04) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.62) | 1.53 (0.89, 2.62) | (−) | (−) | 1.78 (0.79, 4.00) | 1.77 (0.75, 4.17) |
 Rest of Europe | 2.39 (1.58, 3.60) | 2.10 (1.31, 3.39) | 3.62 (2.28, 5.74) | 3.57 (2.10, 6.07) | (−) | (−) | 1.30 (0.51, 3.30) | 1.54 (0.58, 4.07) |
 East Africa | 0.61 (0.38, 0.97) | 0.83 (0.46, 1.49) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.05) | 0.41 (0.20, 0.86) | (−) | (−) | 1.86 (0.81, 4.26) | 1.06 (0.40, 2.76) |
 West Africa | 0.54 (0.29, 1.01) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.27) | 0.26 (0.11, 0.61) | 0.25 (0.09, 0.65) | (−) | (−) | 1.68 (0.67, 4.22) | 1.48 (0.53, 4.15) |
 Rest of Africa | 0.68 (0.41, 1.12) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.51) | 0.53 (0.27, 1.04) | 0.35 (0.14, 0.87) | (−) | (−) | 2.53 (1.10, 5.81) | 1.40 (0.55, 3.60) |
 North America & Oceania | 2.00 (1.31, 3.05) | 2.47 (1.52, 4.02) | 1.48 (0.83, 2.65) | 1.64 (0.85, 3.20) | (−) | (−) | 1.01 (0.37, 2.74) | 1.04 (0.37, 2.93) |
 Latin America & Caribbean | 1.69 (1.15, 2.47) | 1.74 (1.10, 2.74) | 1.51 (0.95, 2.41) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.99) | (−) | (−) | 1.76 (0.78, 3.96) | 1.31 (0.56, 3.05) |
Duration of residence | ||||||||
  < 5 years | 0.35 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.43 (0.35, 0.52) | 0.33 (0.27, 0.40) | 0.46 (0.36, 0.60) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.16) | 1.26 (0.93, 1.72) | 1.50 (1.07, 2.12) |
 5–9 years | 0.42 (0.35, 0.51) | 0.52 (0.42, 0.64) | 0.43 (0.34, 0.54) | 0.58 (0.45, 0.75) | 0.39 (0.23, 0.68) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.78) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) | 0.94 (0.64, 1.40) |
 10 years and more | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |