Gestational weight gain mediates the effects of energy intake on birth weight among singleton pregnancies in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Table 3 Relative risk ratios (RRR) and risk differences (RD) for abnormal birth sizes according to the level of energy intake during pregnancy

	Cases, n (%)	RRR	95% CI	RRR^a	95% CI	RD^a,b	95% CI
Small-for-gestational age
Energy intake level
Low	2428 (8.1)	1.11	1.04–1.18	1.12	1.04–1.19	0.007	0.003–0.012
Moderate	2272(7.4)	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
High	2064(7.2)	0.98	0.92–1.04	1.00	0.93–1.07	−0.001	−0.005–0.004
Large-for-gestational age
Energy intake level
Low	2908(9.7)	0.99	0.94–1.05	0.97	0.91–1.02	−0.004	− 0.009–0.001
Moderate	3041(9.8)	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
High	3061(10.6)	1.09	1.03–1.14	1.09	1.03–1.16	0.008	0.003–0.013

CI confidence interval
Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk ratios and risk differences
^aAdjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, educational level, type of occupation during pregnancy, physical activity level during pregnancy, alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, presence of chronic disease, and receipt of health guidance
^bRisk difference can be interpreted as, for example, when compared to moderate energy intake, low energy intake had 7 more women per 1000 women with an SGA birth

ISSN: 1471-2393