Table 1 Clinical characteristics in pregnant women between GDM and Non-GDM

Maternal age, years, mean ± SD

31.01 ± 4.12

30.71 ± 4.03

32.51 ± 4.25

 < 0.001

  < 30, years, n (%)

11,235 (40.08)

10,016 (42.87)

1219 (26.11)

 < 0.001

 30–34, years, n (%)

11,155 (39.80)

9188 (39.33)

1967 (42.13)

 35–39, years, n (%)

4752 (16.95)

3567 (15.27)

1185 (25.38)

  ≥ 40, years, n (%)

888 (3.17)

590 (2.53)

298 (6.38)

Pregestational BMI, kg/m², mean ± SD

20.73 ± 2.41

20.62 ± 2.37

21.31 ± 2.52

 < 0.001

  < 24 kg/m², n (%)

25,485 (90.92)

21,437 (91.76)

4048 (86.70)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 24 kg/m², n (%)

2545 (9.08)

1924 (8.24)

621 (13.30)

First trimester FPG, mmol/L, mean ± SD

4.62 ± 0.37

4.59 ± 0.36

4.75 ± 0.43

 < 0.001

  < 4.2 mmol/L,n(%)

2812 (10.03)

2510 (10.74)

302 (6.47)

 < 0.001

  4.2–4.4 mmol/L, n (%)

6306 (22.50)

5468 (23.41)

838 (17.95)

  4.5–4.7 mmol/L, n (%)

8802 (31.40)

7603 (32.55)

1199 (25.68)

  4.8–4.9 mmol/L, n (%)

6110 (21.80)

4998 (21.39)

1112 (23.82)

  5.0–5.2 mmol/L, n (%)

2773 (9.89)

2054 (8.79)

719 (15.40)

  5.3–5.5 mmol/L, n (%)

859 (3.06)

540 (2.31)

319 (6.83)

  ≥ 5.6 mmol/L,n(%)

368 (1.31)

188 (0.80)

180 (3.86)

OGTT at 24 ~ 28 gestational weeks

  0 h OGTT, mmol/L, mean ± SD

4.35 ± 0.39

4.29 ± 0.32

4.64 ± 0.54

 < 0.001

 1 h OGTT, mmol/L, mean ± SD

7.446 ± 1.59

7.11 ± 1.31

9.20 ± 1.73

 < 0.001

  2 h OGTT, mmol/L, mean ± SD

6.62 ± 1.30

6.32 ± 1.00

8.12 ± 1.55

 < 0.001