Table 1 Study and sample characteristics
Author, Year, Country | Intervention Focus | Gestational (GE)/ Postnatal (PN) Recruitment Age (mean) | Maternal Age, years (Mean, SD) | Parity (% primiparous) | Education Level | Relationship (% married/ partnered) | Socioeconomic Position | Race/Ethnicity | Physical, Mental and Sleep Health Eligibility Criteria
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avalos et al. (2020), USA [32] | Mindfulness | 0–6 months PN (12 weeks) | 30.9 ± 5.2 | 48% | 56% less than college 44% college/university | 70% | 22% receiving Medicaid | 30% Non-Hispanic White 19% Non-Hispanic Black 1% Asian 33% Hispanic 15% Multiracial |
|
Chang et al. (2015), Taiwan [42] | Chamomile Tea | 6 weeks PN | Intervention 33.2 Control 32.7 (SD not reported) | 56% | 8% high school 92% college/university | Not reported | 51% high 40% middle 9% low | Not reported |
|
Chen et al. (2015), Taiwan [43] | Lavender Tea | 6 weeks PN | Intervention 32.1 ± 4.0 Control 32.7 ± 3.9 | 61% | 9% high school 91% college/university | Not reported | 51% high 40% middle 9% low | Not reported |
|
Field et al. (1999), USA [44] | Massage | 14–30 weeks GE (23 weeks) | 29.5 ± 2.7 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 27% high 50% upper middle 23% middle | 46% White 38% African-American 12% Hispanic 4% Other |
|
Field et al. (2013), USA [45] | Tai chi/Yoga | 13–40 weeks GE (22 weeks) | 26.6 ± 5.5 | Not reported | Not clearly described | 65% | Not clearly described | 60% Hispanic 38% African-American 2% Non-Hispanic White |
|
Forsell et al. (2017), Sweden [46] | CBT | 12–28 weeks GE (16 weeks intervention, 19 weeks control) | Intervention 31.2 ± 3.7 Control 30.8 ± 5.3 | 48% | 26% high school 74% college/university | 98% | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Galland et al. (2017), New Zealand [47] | Infant sleep education | 28–30 weeks GE | 32.0 (SD not reported) | 48% | 8% did not finish high school 16% high school 76% college/university | Not reported | 35% low deprivation 44% medium deprivation 21% high deprivation | 85% White 8% Māori/Pacifica 4% Asian 2% Other 1% Middle Eastern/Latin American/ African |
|
Hiscock et al. (2002), Australia [41] | Infant sleep education | 6–12 months PN (8.9 months intervention, 8.6 months control) | Intervention 34.1 ± 3.6 Control 33.3 ± 5.6 | Not reported | 66% college/university | 77% | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Hiscock et al. (2007), Australia [48] | Infant sleep education | 7–12 months PN (7.3 months intervention, 7.4 months control) | Intervention 32.8 ± 4.3 Control 33.2 ± 4.8 | 47% | 17% did not finish high school 32% high school 51% college/university | 97% | 18% low deprivation 44% medium deprivation 21% high deprivation | 80% Australian/New Zealand born (race/ethnicity not reported) |
|
Kempler et al. (2020), Australia [49] | Infant and maternal sleep education | 28–40 weeks GE (mean not reported) | Intervention 33.3 ± 4.0 Control 33.3 ± 4.0 | 100% | 9% high school or diploma 91% college/university | Not reported | Not reported | 67% Australian/New Zealand born 33% Other (not specified (race/ethnicity not reported) |
|
Kubo et al. (2021), USA [50] | Mindfulness | 9–30 weeks GE (17 weeks) | 31.0 yrs. (SD not reported) | 70% | 11% high school or less 22% some college 67% college graduated | 77% | 20% Medicaid recipient | 59% White 15% Hispanic 11% African-American 4% Asian 11% Other |
|
Ladyman et al. (2020) New Zealand [29] | Maternal sleep education | 0–14 weeks GE (11.5 weeks) | Intervention 31.5 ± 5.2 Control 31.4 ± 5.1 | 100% | 7% high school 93% college/university | Not reported | Not reported | 100% White |
|
Lee et al. (2013), USA [51] | Bright Light Therapy | 5–10 days PN (mean gestational age of infants when born was 28 weeks) | 26.6 ± 6.4 | Not reported | Not reported | 57% | Not reported | 73% Black 13% White 10% Hispanic |
|
Lewis et al. (2014), USA [52] | Physical activity | 0–8 weeks PN (6 weeks) | 31.5 ± 5.0 | 24% | 69% college/university graduated | 82% | Not reported | 82% White 7% African-American 11% Other |
|
Liu et al (2016), Taiwan [53] | Music therapy | 18–34 weeks GE (mean not reported) | Not reported | 55% | 10% less than senior high school 90% more than senior high school | Not reported | 65% high class 28% middle class 7% low class | Not reported |
|
Liu et al. (2021), Taiwan [54] | Physical activity | 6 weeks PN | Intervention 32.2 ± 3.4 Control 33.0 ± 3.3 | 58% | 14% high school 64% college/university 23% graduate | Not reported | 52% high 38% middle 10% low | Not reported |
|
Liu et al. (2021), China [31] | CBT | Newly delivered, (week not specified) | Intervention 26.9 ± 4.1 Control 27.3 ± 4.6 | Not reported | 19% junior high school or less 61% senior high school or polytechnic 20% college or above | Not reported | Not reported | Not Reported |
(no serious underlying disease or severe postpartum complications)
|
Manber et al. (2019), USA [30] | CBT | 18–32 weeks GE (25 weeks) | Intervention 33.4 ± 5.2 Control 32.6 ± 4.9 | 57% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 48% White 3% African American 15% Asian 28% Other 6% Unknown |
|
Mendelson et al. (2018), USA [55] | Mindfulness | Newly delivered (NICU) at 24–39 weeks gestation (mean 31 weeks gestation) | 31.0 ± 5.4 | Not reported | 25% high school 17% some college 8% college associate 17% college graduate 33% graduate school | 78% | Not reported | 42% African-American 54% White 4% Asian/Pacifica |
|
Mindell et al. (2018), USA [56] | Massage | 3–18 months PN (9 months) | 30.6 ± 5.2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not Reported |
|
Ozcan et al. (2020), Turkey [57] | Breastfeeding, personal hygiene, fatigue, sleep, nutrition and Pilates exercises | Newly delivered, (week not specified) | Intervention 25.2 ± 4.0 Control 25.1 ± 4.5 | 100% | 16% primary school 32% high school 52% college/university | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Parry et al. (2019), USA [58]a | Sleep Restriction | ≤34 weeks GE & 0–52 weeks PN (mean not reported) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Rouzafzoon et al. (2021), Iran [59] | Infant sleep education | 2–4 months PN (3.2 months intervention, 2.8 months control) | Intervention 30.2 ± 4.6 Control 29.1 ± 2.2 | 52% | 26% primary or high school 74% college/university | Not reported | 28% high 67% middle 4% low | Not reported |
|
Skouteris et al. (2016), Australia [60] | Health coaching | 0–18 weeks GE (16 weeks) | Intervention 31.4 ± 4.9 Control 31.6 ± 4.5 | 43% | 11% high school 89% college/university | 92% | Not reported | 69% Australian/New Zealander 18% Asian 10% European 2% American 1% African/middle Eastern |
|
Smart et al. (2007), Australia [61] | Infant sleep education | 2–30 weeks PN (15 weeks) | 32.6 ± 4.3 | 65% | 92% high school 48% college/university | 97% | Not reported | 77% Australian/New Zealander (race/ethnicity not reported) |
|
Stremler et al. (2006), Canada [62] | Infant and maternal sleep education | Newly delivered (week not specified | Intervention 31.1 ± 3.5 Control 32.6 ± 3.5 | 100% | 7% secondary/high school 93% college/university | 100% | Not reported | 77% White 17% Asian 3% Hispanic 3% Other |
|
Stremler et al. (2013), Canada [63] | Infant and maternal sleep education | Newly delivered (mean 1 day postnatal) | Intervention 32.6 ± 5.0 Control 31.8 ± 4.9 | 100% | 2% primary school 7% high school 91% college/university | 97% | Not reported | 63% White 20% Asian 7% Black 5% Mixed 3% Hispanic 2% Other |
|
Sun et al. (2021), China [64] | Mindfulness | 12–20 weeks GE (14 weeks) | 29.9 ± 4.0 | 65% | 15.4 yrs. year of schooling (mean) | 100% | Not reported | 99% Han 1% Hui |
|
Swanson et al. (2013), USA [65] | CBTi | 0–12 months PN (6 months) | 30.0 ± 7.0 | Not reported | 42% some college 42% college graduate 17% postgraduate | 83% | Not reported | 67% White 17% African-American 8% Native American 8% Multiracial |
|
Swanson et al. (2018), USA [66] | Bright Light Therapy | 0–6 months PN (14 weeks) | 32.3 ± 3.3 | Not reported | 20% some college 80% bachelor’s degree or higher | 90% | Not reported | 80% White 20% African-American |
|
Teychenne et al. (2020), Australia [67] | Physical activity | 3–9 months PN (mean not reported) | Intervention 33.6 ± 3.7 Control 33.0 ± 3.7 | Not reported | 26% no tertiary education 74% tertiary education | 97% | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Tomfohr-Madsen et al. (2017), Canada [68] | CBTi | 12–28 weeks GE (19 weeks) | 31.0 ± 3.7 | 62% | 69% bachelor degree or higher | 100% | Not reported | 77% White |
|
Wilson et al. (2019), Australia [69] | Infant sleep education | 3–23 months PN (9 months) | 34.5 ± 4.2 | 54% | 88% tertiary degree or higher | 90% | Not reported | Not reported |
|
Wilson et al. (2019), Australia [70] | Infant sleep education | 3–23 months PN (9 months) | *Note: Same sample as above |
| |||||
Xue et al. (2020), China [71] | Magnolia tea | Newly delivered (week not specified | 25.4 ± 4.6 | 80% | 28% high school or less 56% college/university 16% graduate school | 95% | Not reported | Not Reported |
|
Yang et al. (2018), Taiwan [72] | Physical activity | 6 weeks PN | 31.9 yrs. (SD not reported) | 67% | 10% high school 71% college/university 19% graduate school | Not reported | 50% high 43% middle 7% low | Not Reported |
|
Zhao et al. (2017), China [73] | Maternal mental health education | 0–28 weeks GE (21 weeks intervention, 22 weeks control) | Intervention 30.4 ± 3.6 Control 30.6 ± 3.9 | 100% | 2% elementary school or lower 8% middle school 31% vocational college 59% college/university | Not reported | Not reported | Not Reported |
|
Zhao et al. (2020), China [74] | Maternal mental health education | 28–35 weeks GE (30 weeks) | Intervention 30.7 ± 3.4 Control 30.0 ± 3.2 | 100% | 10% middle school or lower 22% vocational college 51% college/university degree 17% masters degree or above | 100% | Not reported | Not Reported |
|
- Healthy
- Unknown/No restrictions
- Unhealthy
Mental Health (PHQ-9 = 10 to 19)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health (PSQS ≥16)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health (PSQS ≥16)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (Depression on SCID-I for DSM-IV)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (MDD on DSM-IV and MADRS-S = 15–35 (but no/low suicide risk or other psychiatric disorder)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (no history of major depression)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (PHQ-9 = 10 to 19)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (previous history but not current)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (no diagnosed sleep disorder)
Mental Health (no affective illness)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (no diagnosed sleep disorder, shift work or sleep medications)
Mental Health (previous history but not current)
Physical Health (no hypertension, diabetes, musculoskeletal problems, asthma or any other condition making exercise unsafe)
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health (PSQI > 5)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health (PSQS ≥16)
Mental Health (EPDS ≥9 and < 13, but no history)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (no major depressive, bipolar, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder or thought disorders)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (DSM-V criteria for insomnia but no other comorbid sleep disorders and not taking medications or having treatment)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health (no current acute or chronic illness)
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (no bipolar or primary anxiety disorders)
Physical Health (no significant medical illness or medication)
Sleep Health
Mental Health (no diagnosis of depression
Physical Health (no uncontrolled chronic disease
Sleep Health (no diagnosed sleep disorder)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health (no poorly controlled chronic illness)
Sleep Health (no diagnosed sleep disorders or sleep medications)
Mental Health
Physical Health (no poorly controlled chronic illness or postpartum complications)
Sleep Health (no diagnosed sleep disorders or sleep medications)
Mental Health (EPDS > 9 or PHQ-9 > 4 but no/low suicide risk or other psychiatric disorder and no psychiatric medication or treatment)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (MINI = MDD and EPDS> 11 but no other psychiatric disorders)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (ISI > 7, daytime impairment, TWT-N= > 60 min 3 nights/week for at least 1 month)
Mental Health (DSM-V = MDD and SIGH-SAD ≥20 but no other psychiatric disorders)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (ISI > 7)
Mental Health (EPDS ≥10, but not taking antidepressants)
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (no bipolar or psychotic disorders and no antidepressant or hypnotic medications)
Physical Health
Sleep Health (ISI > 12, but no OSA or RLS)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health (PSQS ≥16)
Mental Health
Physical Health
Sleep Health
Mental Health (EPDS ≥9 or PDSS ≥60 but not MDD)
Physical Health (obstetric complication)
Sleep Health
Mental Health (EPDS ≥9 but not MDD)
Physical Health
Sleep Health