Table 4 Risk factors associated adolescence poor pregnancy outcomes

Socio-demographic factors

Poor socioeconomic status

Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]; Mezmur et al., 2021 [17]; Hussein Eldessouki et al., 2020 [38]; Noveber et al., 2018 [31]; Govender et al., 2018 [29]; Abbas et al., 2017 [39]; Egbe et al., 2015 [59]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Ganchimeg et al., 2013 [33]; Ezegwui et al., 2012 [45]; Ayuba et al., 2012 [36]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23]

Low education

Hussein Eldessouki et al., 2020 [38]; Kamala et al., 2018 [50]; Abbas et al., 2017 [39]; Rasheed et al., 2011 [28]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23]

Low health literacy

November et al., 2018 [31]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23]

Married

Agbor et al., 2017 [51]; Abdelsatter et al., 2016 [19]

Not married

Kassa et al., 2019 [57]; Fouelifack et al., 2014 [62]; Ayyuba et al., 2012 [36]; Egbe et al., 2015 [59]

Age [10–16]

Moraes et al., 2018 [27]; neal et al., 2018 [10]; Mombo-Ngoma et al., 2016 [60]; Rasheed et al., 2011 [28]; Kurth et al., 2010 [56]

Age [< 20]

Andemel et al., 2020 [61]; Abebe et al., 2020 [24]; Mubikayi, 2020 [46]; Kamala et al., 2018 [50]; Grønvik et al., 2018 [7]; Bihoun et al., 2017 [58]; Yussif et al., 2017 [34]; Abbas et al., 2017 [39]; Egbe et al., 2015 [59]; Ngowa et al., 2015 [55]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]; Fouelifack et al., 2014 [62]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Ayuba et al., 2012 [36]; Tebeu et al., 2011 [37]; Adeyinka et al., 2010 [22].

Rural area

Hussein Eldessouki et al., 2020 [38]; Kassa et al., 2019 [57]; Agbor et al., 2017 [51]; Bihoun et al., 2017 [58]; Abbas et al., 2017 [39]; Laari et al., 2016 [63]; Abdelsatter et al., 2016 [19]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]; Rasheed et al., 2011 [28].

Risky behaviour/ attitudes

No/low/late ANC attendance

Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]; Mezmur et al., 2021 [17]; Jean-Sanchez et al., 2020 [64]; Gueye et al., 2020 [26]; Tshakweni et al., 2020 [18]; Abebe et al., 2020 [24]; Kassa et al., 2019 [57]; Kamala et al., 2018 [50]; Govender et al., 2018 [29]; Laari et al., 2016 [63]; Schipulle, 2015 [54]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Muganyizi 2013 [41]; Ganchimeng et al., 2013 [33]; Iklaki et al., 2012 [35]; Kurth et al., 2010 [56]; Omole-Ohonsi et al., 201 0[42]

Delayed care seeking

November et al., 2018 [31]

Inadequate nutrition

Gyimah et al., 2020 [44]; Bihoun et al., 2017 [58]; Neal et al., 2018 [10]

Alcohol intake

Laari et al., 2016 [63]

No facility birth

Omole-Ohonsi et al., 201 0[42]

Pregnancy characteristics

Subsequent births

Neal et al., 2018 [10]

Multiparity

Kamala et al., 2018 [50]

Gravidity

Egbe et al., 2015 [59]; Ibrahim et al., 2015 [65]

High order pregnancy

Obare et al., 2012 [66]

Health facility factors

poor ANC quality

Chaibva et al., 2019 [67]; Omole-Ohonsi et al., 2010 [42]

Long queues

Govender et al., 2018 [29]

Attitude of health workers

Govender et al., 2018 [29]

Long distance

Govender et al., 2018 [29]

Stigma

November et al., 2018 [31]

Adolescent pregnancy-related Stigma and abuse

Stigma

November et al., 2018 [31]

Abandonment

Omole-Ohonsi et al., 2010 [42]

Lack of family and social support

Omel-Ohonsi et al., 2010 [42]

IPV

Mezmur et al., 2021 [17]

Previous obstetric complications

Previous abortion

Jean-Sanchez et al., 2020 [64]; Abass et al., 2017 [39]; de Wet, 2016 [32]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]

Previous CS

Abbas et al, 2017 [39]

Diseases/infections

HIV

Jean-Sanchez et al., 2020 [64]; Govender et al., 2018 [29]; Obare et al., 2012 [66]

Malaria

Mombo-Ngoma et al., 2016 [60]

Hypertension

de Wet, 2016 [32]