Table 2 Adverse obstetric outcomes associated with adolescent pregnancy

Preeclampsia/ eclampsia

10–19 years

Mezmur et al., 2021 [17]; Tshakweni et al., 2020 [18]; Grønvik et al., 2018 [7]; Abdelsattar et al., 2016 [19]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Adeyinka et al., 2010 [22]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23]; Abebe et al., 2020 [24]; Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]; Gueye et al., 2020 [26]

10–15 years

Moraes et al., 2018 [27]; Rasheed et al., 2011 [28]; Govender et al., 2018 [29]

20–45 years

Mezmur et al., 2021 [17]; Tembo et al., 2020 [30]

Maternal death

10–19 years

November et al., 2018 [31]; de Wet, 2016 [32]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Grønvik et al., 2018 [7]; Ganchimeg et al., 2013 [33]; Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]

Cesarean Section

10–19 years

Yussif et al., 2017 [34]; Edessy et al., 2015 [20]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Iklaki et al., 2012 [35]; Ayuba et al., 2012 [36]; Tebeu et al., 2011 [37]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23].

10–15 years

Ganchimeg et al., 2013 [33]; Rasheed et al., 2011 [28]

20–45 years

Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]; Hussein Eldessouki et al., 2020 [38]; Abebe et al., 2020 [24]; Abbas et al., 2017 [39]; Abdelsattar et al., 2016 [19]; Hoque et al., 2014 [40]; Muganyizi et al., 2013 [41]; Omole_Ohonsi et al., 2010 [42]; Hoque et al., 2010 [43]

Obstetric hemorrhage

10–19 years

Gyimah et al., 2020 [44]; Tembo et al., 2020 [30]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Ayuba et al., 2012 [36]; Hussein Eldessouki et al., 2020 [38]

10–15 years

Moraes et al., 2018 [27]

Obstructed labor

10–19 years

Tembo et al., 2020 [30]; Tshakweni et al., 2020 [18]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]

PROM

10–19 years

Abdelsattar et al., 2016 [19]; Tembo et al., 2020 [30]

10–15 years

Rasheed et al., 2011 [28]

ICU admission/ hospital admission

10–19 years

Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]

Gestational hypertension

10–19 years

Edessy et al., 2015 [20]

20–45 years

Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]; Tembo et al., 2020 [30]; Abdelsattar et al., 2016 [19]

Gestational diabetes

10–19 years

Abdelsattar et al., 2016 [19]; Alyamani et al., 2021 [25]

Gestational anemia

10–19 years

Tshakweni et al., 2020 [18]; Ijarotimi et al., 2014 [21]; Ezegwui et al., 2012 [45]

10–15 years

Govender et al., 2018 [29]

Cephalopelvic disproportion

10–19 years

Gueye et al., 2020 [26]; Mubikayi, 2020 [46]

10–15 years

Moraes et al., 2018 [27]; Ganchimeng et al., 2013 [33]

Prolonged labor

10–19 years

Tshakweni et al., 2020 [18]

10–15 years

Moraes et al., 2018 [27]

Assisted vaginal birth

10–19 years

Ezegwui et al., 2012 [45]; Zeck et al., 2010 [23]

20–45 years

Ayuba et al., 2012 [36]; Omole_Ohonsi et al., 2010 [42]

Emotional vulnerability

10–15 years

Govender et al., 2018 [29]