Table 3 Summary of main findings

Emotional support

• Provision of sacral massages and reassurance

• Encouraging male involvement

• Inadequate staff

• Non-cooperation from women

• Partner’s lack of courage

• Inadequate material resource and limited space

• Increasing staff strength

• Logistical support for a timely response

Dignified care

• Ensuring confidentiality

• Provide information and seek consent

• Referring mothers who cannot pay bills to social welfare

• Logistical constraint on alternative birthing positions

• Facility environment limits privacy and movements

• Clients’ condition limits movement

• Logistical support for alternative birthing

• Capacity building and training

• Logistical support for privacy and free movement

• Motivating midwives

Respectful communication

• Ask relatives to excuse patient-provider conversations

• Introducing ourselves as caregivers

• Poor attitudes of midwives

• Language barrier

• Peer monitoring

• Demonstrating good attitudes