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Table 2 Association between the IOM-recommended weight gain rate and fetal growth among women with gestational diabetes mellitus stratified by prepregnancy BMI

From: Weight gain rate in the second and third trimesters and fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study

Outcomes a, b

Underweight (n = 729)

Normal weight (n = 3896)

Overweight/Obese (n = 650)

Below (n = 462)

Above (n = 110)

Below (n = 1918)

Above (n = 875)

Below (n = 196)

Above (n = 316)

LGA

 Cases (%)

3 (0.6) vs 0

4 (3.6) vs 0

54 (2.8) vs 41 (3.7)

60 (6.9) vs 41(3.7)

2 (1.7) vs 27 (12.2)

36 (11.7) vs 27 (12.2)

 OR (95% CI)

-

-

0.75 (0.50–1.14)

1.91 (1.27–2.88)

0.32 (0.13–0.72)

0.91 (0.51–1.69)

 aOR (95% CI)

-

-

0.74 (0.49–1.13)

1.88 (1.25–2.87)

0.34 (0.14–0.77)

0.90 (0.49–1.70)

Macrosomia

 Cases (%)

1 (0.2) vs 0

3 (2.7) vs 0

29 (1.5) vs 29 (2.6)

51(5.8) vs 29 (2.6)

5 (2.6) vs 11 (8.0)

25 (7.9) vs 11 (8.0)

 OR (95% CI)

-

-

0.57 (0.34–0.96)

2.29 (1.45–3.69)

0.30 (0.09–0.85)

0.99 (0.48–2.16)

 aOR (95% CI)

-

-

0.54 (0.32–0.92)

2.29 (1.43–3.72)

0.31 (0.09–0.88)

1.03 (0.49–2.28)

SGA

 Cases (%)

108 (23.4) vs 29 (18.5)

27 (24.5) vs 29 (18.5)

241(12.6) vs 121(11.0)

107(12.2) vs 121(11.0)

17 (8.7) vs 11 (8.0)

19 (6) vs 11 (8.0)

 OR (95% CI)

1.35 (0.86–2.16)

1.44 (0.79–2.60)

1.17 (0.93–1.47)

1.13 (0.86–1.49)

1.10 (0.50–2.49)

0.74 (0.35–1.65)

 aOR (95% CI)

1.44 (0.91–2.34)

1.60 (0.87–2.97)

1.16 (0.92–1.47)

1.10 (0.83–1.46)

1.03 (0.47–2.35)

0.71 (0.33–1.58)

LBW

 Cases (%)

18 (3.9) vs 6 (3.8)

7 (6.4) vs 6 (3.8)

78 (4.1) vs 37 (3.4)

35 (4.0) vs 37 (3.4)

6 (3.1) vs 1 (0.7)

10 (3.2) vs 1 (0.7)

 OR (95% CI)

1.02 (0.42–2.86)

1.71 (0.55–5.45)

1.22 (0.83–1.84)

1.21 (0.81–1.82)

4.33 (0.73–82.2)

4.48 (0.85–82.6)

 aOR (95% CI)

1.13 (0.44–3.32)

1.64 (0.50–5.52)

1.20 (0.75–1.92)

1.21 (0.75–1.94)

4.77 (0.78–91.8)

4.65 (0.85–86.7)

  1. Abbreviations: IOM Institute of Medicine, OR Odds ratio, aOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, LGA Large-for-gestational-age infant, SGA Small-for-gestational-age infant, LBW Low birth weight
  2. aThe reference group was women who had a WGR within IOM recommendation
  3. bAdjusted maternal age, education, parity, infant sex, family history of diabetes, hospital admission, PWG (weight gain prior to late 2nd trimester), and the corresponding gestational length of PWG
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