Characteristics | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | 2019–20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Age, years | |||||
15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
20–34 | 0.76 (0.32–1.78) | 1.05 (0.42–2.60) | 1.18 (0.67–2.05) | 1.12 (0.72–1.72) | 1.17 (0.60–2.25) |
35–49 | 1.13 (0.31–4.07) | 0.92 (0.33–2.51) | 1.86 (0.91–3.79) | 1.45 (0.86–2.45) | 1.67 (0.82–3.37) |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rural | 1.03 (0.45–2.35) | 1.07 (0.59–1.95) | 0.61 (0.34–1.09) | 0.86 (0.59–1.24) | 0.80 (0.58–1.12) |
Marital status† | |||||
Not in a union | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Married/cohabiting | 1.08 (0.48–2.43) | 0.70 (0.37–1.35) | 1.97 (1.23–3.12)** | 1.01 (0.73–1.40) | |
Education | |||||
No formal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 1.66 (0.82–3.34) | 0.63 (0.39–1.00) | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 1.27 (0.88–1.83) | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) |
Secondary | 2.68 (0.62–4.57) | 1.04 (0.57–1.91) | 1.83 (1.06–3.18)* | 1.30 (0.83–2.05) | 1.26 (0.76–2.08) |
Occupation | |||||
Not working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Agriculture | 0.27 (0.10–0.72)** | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.93 (0.62–1.38) | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) |
Formal employment | 0.39 (0.11–1.41) | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) | 1.34 (0.89–2.01) | 1.92 (1.34–2.77)*** | 1.00 (0 .75–1.32) |
Wealth, quintiles | |||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Poorer | 0.88 (0.34–2.29) | 1.77 (0.84–3.72) | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) | 0.90 (0.63–1.30) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) |
Average | 1.06 (0.38–2.99) | 1.35 (0.61–3.00) | 1.23 (0.84–1.80) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 1.18 (0.82–1.18) |
Richer | 1.28 (0.46–3.56) | 1.65 (0.79–3.43) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 1.51 (1.06–2.16)* | 1.50 (1.03–2.21)** |
Richest | 1.69 (0.68–4.21) | 2.78 (1.19–6.50)* | 1.44 (0.87–2.39) | 1.76 (1.15–2.71)* | 2.43 (1.58–3.72)** |
ANC attendance, visits | |||||
1–3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥4 | 1.19 (0.65–2.16) | 1.86 (1.22–2.83)** | 1.18 (0.93–1.52) | 1.27 (1.04–1.57)* | 1.44 (1.18–1.75)* |
Missing | 0.89 (0.59–1.34) | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) |
Parity | |||||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2–4 | 0.45 (0.25–0.84)* | 0.83 (0.49–1.39) | 0.48 (0.37–0.64)*** | 0.64 (0.50–0.81)*** | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) |
5+ | 0.22 (0.08–0.61)** | 0.53 (0.27–1.01) | 0.15 (0.10–0.23)*** | 0.22 (0.14–0.34)*** | 0.35 (0.23–0.54)** |
Baby’s sex | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.80 (0.55–1.18) | 0.73 (0.55–0.97)* | 0.81 (0.67–0.97)* | 0.79 (0.67–0.94)** | 0.81 (0.68–0.96)* |
Baby’s birth weight | |||||
Average | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Low birth weight | 1.49 (0.68–3.27) | 1.31 (0.70–2.45) | 0.78 (0.53–1.14) | 1.06 (0.77–1.44) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) |
Big baby | 0.14 (0.07–0.26)*** | 0.20 (0.13–0.32)*** | 0.59 (0.45–0.78) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) |
Twin status | |||||
Singleton | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Multiple | 8.55 (3.36–21.76)*** | 1.57 (0.57–4.32) | 6.11 (3.27–11.40)*** | 6.49 (3.93–10.74) *** | 3.24 (1.84–5.70)** |
Access to information | |||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.45 (0.70–2.99) | 1.27 (0.71–2.28) | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |
Partner’s education | |||||
No formal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 0.60 (0.32–1.13) | 1.79 (1.07–2.99)* | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 1.23 (0.85–1.80) |
Secondary and higher | 0.47 (0.21–1.06) | 1.03 (0.55–1.95) | 0.90 (0.53–1.54) | 1.15 (0.77–1.71) | 1.40 (0.87–2.25) |
Region | |||||
Kigali City | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
South | 0.61 (0.25–1.49) | 0.46 (0.23–0.92)* | 1.10 (0.51–2.39) | 1.10 (0.70–1.72) | 1.01 (0.69–1.49) |
West | 0.84 (0.38–1.89) | 0.56 (0.26–1.18) | 0.97 (0.43–2.19) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 0.73 (0.49–1.07) |
East | 0.74 (0.31–1.73) | 0.36 (0.16–0.80)* | 1.04 (0.46–2.32) | 0.90 (0.59–1.38) | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) |
North | 0.45 (0.17–1.19) | 0.22 (0.10–0.51)*** | 0.74 (0.31–1.75) | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) | 0.62 (0.40–0.96)* |