Table 3 Factors associated with caesarean section at a population level in Rwanda

 15–19

1

1

1

1

1

 20–34

0.76 (0.32–1.78)

1.05 (0.42–2.60)

1.18 (0.67–2.05)

1.12 (0.72–1.72)

1.17 (0.60–2.25)

 35–49

1.13 (0.31–4.07)

0.92 (0.33–2.51)

1.86 (0.91–3.79)

1.45 (0.86–2.45)

1.67 (0.82–3.37)

 Urban

1

1

1

1

1

 Rural

1.03 (0.45–2.35)

1.07 (0.59–1.95)

0.61 (0.34–1.09)

0.86 (0.59–1.24)

0.80 (0.58–1.12)

 Not in a union

1

1

1

1

 Married/cohabiting

1.08 (0.48–2.43)

0.70 (0.37–1.35)

1.97 (1.23–3.12)**

1.01 (0.73–1.40)

 No formal

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

1.66 (0.82–3.34)

0.63 (0.39–1.00)

1.05 (0.72–1.53)

1.27 (0.88–1.83)

1.14 (0.75–1.73)

 Secondary

2.68 (0.62–4.57)

1.04 (0.57–1.91)

1.83 (1.06–3.18)*

1.30 (0.83–2.05)

1.26 (0.76–2.08)

 Not working

1

1

1

1

1

 Agriculture

0.27 (0.10–0.72)**

0.76 (0.49–1.17)

0.93 (0.62–1.38)

1.02 (0.69–1.52)

1.00 (0.74–1.35)

 Formal employment

0.39 (0.11–1.41)

0.72 (0.42–1.25)

1.34 (0.89–2.01)

1.92 (1.34–2.77)***

1.00 (0 .75–1.32)

 Poorest

1

1

1

1

1

 Poorer

0.88 (0.34–2.29)

1.77 (0.84–3.72)

1.02 (0.69–1.52)

0.90 (0.63–1.30)

0.92 (0.64–1.32)

 Average

1.06 (0.38–2.99)

1.35 (0.61–3.00)

1.23 (0.84–1.80)

1.02 (0.70–1.49)

1.18 (0.82–1.18)

 Richer

1.28 (0.46–3.56)

1.65 (0.79–3.43)

1.02 (0.68–1.52)

1.51 (1.06–2.16)*

1.50 (1.03–2.21)**

 Richest

1.69 (0.68–4.21)

2.78 (1.19–6.50)*

1.44 (0.87–2.39)

1.76 (1.15–2.71)*

2.43 (1.58–3.72)**

 1–3

1

1

1

1

1

 ≥4

1.19 (0.65–2.16)

1.86 (1.22–2.83)**

1.18 (0.93–1.52)

1.27 (1.04–1.57)*

1.44 (1.18–1.75)*

 Missing

0.89 (0.59–1.34)

1.16 (0.88–1.53)

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

1.12 (0.93–1.34)

0.91 (0.76–1.09)

 1

1

1

1

1

1

 2–4

0.45 (0.25–0.84)*

0.83 (0.49–1.39)

0.48 (0.37–0.64)***

0.64 (0.50–0.81)***

0.84 (0.64–1.11)

 5+

0.22 (0.08–0.61)**

0.53 (0.27–1.01)

0.15 (0.10–0.23)***

0.22 (0.14–0.34)***

0.35 (0.23–0.54)**

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

0.80 (0.55–1.18)

0.73 (0.55–0.97)*

0.81 (0.67–0.97)*

0.79 (0.67–0.94)**

0.81 (0.68–0.96)*

 Average

1

1

1

1

1

 Low birth weight

1.49 (0.68–3.27)

1.31 (0.70–2.45)

0.78 (0.53–1.14)

1.06 (0.77–1.44)

0.99 (0.73–1.34)

 Big baby

0.14 (0.07–0.26)***

0.20 (0.13–0.32)***

0.59 (0.45–0.78)

1.23 (0.96–1.58)

1.31 (0.97–1.77)

 Singleton

1

1

1

1

1

 Multiple

8.55 (3.36–21.76)***

1.57 (0.57–4.32)

6.11 (3.27–11.40)***

6.49 (3.93–10.74) ***

3.24 (1.84–5.70)**

 No

1

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.45 (0.70–2.99)

1.27 (0.71–2.28)

0.75 (0.48–1.17)

0.98 (0.70–1.38)

0.92 (0.68–1.24)

 No formal

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

0.60 (0.32–1.13)

1.79 (1.07–2.99)*

0.78 (0.55–1.10)

1.01 (0.74–1.36)

1.23 (0.85–1.80)

 Secondary and higher

0.47 (0.21–1.06)

1.03 (0.55–1.95)

0.90 (0.53–1.54)

1.15 (0.77–1.71)

1.40 (0.87–2.25)

 Kigali City

1

1

1

1

1

 South

0.61 (0.25–1.49)

0.46 (0.23–0.92)*

1.10 (0.51–2.39)

1.10 (0.70–1.72)

1.01 (0.69–1.49)

 West

0.84 (0.38–1.89)

0.56 (0.26–1.18)

0.97 (0.43–2.19)

0.98 (0.65–1.48)

0.73 (0.49–1.07)

 East

0.74 (0.31–1.73)

0.36 (0.16–0.80)*

1.04 (0.46–2.32)

0.90 (0.59–1.38)

0.74 (0.50–1.10)

 North

0.45 (0.17–1.19)

0.22 (0.10–0.51)***

0.74 (0.31–1.75)

0.66 (0.42–1.05)

0.62 (0.40–0.96)*