Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the GDM versus non-GDM groups
From: A longitudinal cohort study of gestational diabetes mellitus and perinatal depression
Characteristics | Total sample (N = 1043) | GDM | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 313) | No (n = 730) | |||
Age (years) | 28.76 ± 4.04 | 29.60 ± 4.17 | 28.40 ± 3.92 | < 0.001 |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.67 ± 3.36 | 22.78 ± 3.59 | 21.19 ± 3.14 | < 0.001 |
Weight gain per week in the second trimester (kg/week) | 0.44 ± 0.20 | 0.39 ± 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.446 |
 Han a | 1029 (98.7) | 307 (98.1) | 722 (98.9) |  |
 Other | 14 (1.3) | 6 (1.9) | 8 (1.1) |  |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | 0.250 |
 Urban | 915 (87.7) | 269 (85.9) | 646 (88.5) |  |
 Rural | 128 (12.3) | 44 (14.1) | 84 (11.5) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.707 |
 Married | 982 (94.2) | 296 (94.6) | 686 (94.0) |  |
 Unmarried or other | 61 (5.8) | 17 (5.4) | 44 (6.0) |  |
Educational status | Â | Â | Â | 0.613 |
 Middle school or below | 175 (16.8) | 52 (16.6) | 123 (16.8) |  |
 High school or technical secondary school | 198 (19.0) | 64 (20.4) | 134 (18.4) |  |
 Junior college or regular college | 611 (58.6) | 176 (56.2) | 435 (59.6) |  |
 Graduate or above | 59 (5.6) | 21 (6.7) | 38 (5.2) |  |
Annual household income (CNY) | Â | Â | Â | 0.906 |
  < 50,000 | 110 (10.5) | 31 (9.9) | 79 (10.8) |  |
 50,000 ~ 200,000 | 788 (75.6) | 238 (76.0) | 550 (75.3) |  |
  > 200,000 | 145 (13.9) | 44 (14.1) | 101 (13.8) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 |
 Inoccupation | 347 (33.3) | 111 (35.5) | 236 (32.3) |  |
 Farmers/workers/individuals | 129 (12.4) | 45 (14.4) | 84 (11.5) |  |
 Technical personnel | 433 (41.5) | 107 (34.2) | 326 (44.7) |  |
 Leader/cadre/boss | 134 (12.8) | 50 (16.0) | 84 (11.5) |  |
Work status | Â | Â | Â | 0.501 |
 Resign | 427 (40.9) | 137 (43.8) | 290 (39.7) |  |
 Paid leave | 56 (5.4) | 13 (4.2) | 43 (5.9) |  |
 Part-time job | 22 (2.1) | 6 (1.9) | 16 (2.2) |  |
 Full-time job | 538 (51.6) | 157 (50.2) | 381 (52.2) |  |
Social status compared with people within the province | Â | Â | Â | 0.623 |
 Low (1 ~ 3) | 105 (10.1) | 31 (9.9) | 74 (10.1) |  |
 Medium (4 ~ 6) | 695 (66.6) | 203 (64.9) | 492 (67.4) |  |
 High (7 ~ 10) | 243 (23.3) | 79 (25.2) | 164 (22.5) |  |
Social status compared with surrounding people | Â | Â | Â | 0.626 |
 Low (1 ~ 3) | 61 (5.8) | 16 (5.1) | 45 (6.2) |  |
 Medium (4 ~ 6) | 816 (78.2) | 243 (77.6) | 573 (78.5) |  |
 High (7 ~ 10) | 166 (15.9) | 54 (17.3) | 112 (15.3) |  |
Conception method | Â | Â | Â | 0.031 |
 Natural | 973 (93.3) | 284 (90.7) | 689 (94.4) |  |
 Assisted | 70 (6.7) | 29 (9.3) | 41 (5.6) |  |
Conception season |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Springb | 700 (67.1) | 246 (78.6) | 454 (62.2) |  |
 Summer | 343 (32.9) | 67 (21.4) | 276 (37.8) |  |
Unexpected pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | 0.911 |
 Yes | 221 (21.2) | 67 (21.4) | 154 (21.1) |  |
 No | 822 (78.8) | 246 (78.6) | 576 (78.9) |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | 0.546 |
 Yes | 44 (4.2) | 15 (4.8) | 29 (4.0) |  |
 No | 999 (95.8) | 298 (95.2) | 701 (96.0) |  |
Passive smoking in the past year | Â | Â | Â | 0.424 |
 Yes | 362 (34.7) | 103 (32.9) | 259 (35.5) |  |
 No | 681 (65.3) | 210 (67.1) | 471 (64.5) |  |
Drinking | Â | Â | Â | 0.986 |
 Yes | 143 (13.7) | 43 (13.7) | 100 (13.7) |  |
 No | 900 (86.3) | 270 (86.3) | 630 (86.3) |  |
Family history of diabetes | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 |
 Yes | 85 (8.1) | 36 (11.5) | 49 (6.7) |  |
 No | 958 (91.9) | 277 (88.5) | 681 (93.3) |  |
Gravidity | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 1 | 462 (44.3) | 119 (38.0) | 343 (47.0) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 581 (55.7) | 194 (62.0) | 387 (53.0) |  |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 0 | 670 (64.2) | 181 (57.8) | 489 (67.0) |  |
  ≥ 1 | 373 (35.8) | 132 (42.2) | 241 (33.0) |  |