Table 2 Measures assessing pregnancy-related anxiety
From: Measurement of pregnancy-related anxiety worldwide: a systematic review
Tool | Country and language of origina | Number of items | Number of times used?b | Other languages / populations validated? | Countries implemented | Languages implementedc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ [27]; PRAQ-R [7] and PRAQ-R2 [28]) | Netherlands Dutch | Various, including, original: 34 items, PRAQ-R: 10 items, and PRAQ-R2: 11 items | 89 | Cantonese, Dutch, English, Finnish, German, Italian, Farsi, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish | Australia, Belgium, China, Finland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania, Turkey, UK, USA | Cantonese, Dutch, English, Farsi, Finnish, German, Hindu, Indonesian, Italian, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish |
Pregnancy Related Anxiety Scale [8, 29] (PRAS, sometimes called the Pregnancy-Related Thoughts Scale (PRT) or the Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Scale (PSA / PSAS) or the Pregnancy Anxiety Scale (PSA) | USA English and Spanish | 10-item | 39 | - | Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, India, Iran, Kenya, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Taiwan, USA | Danish, German, Kannada, Mandarin Chinese, Swahili |
Cambridge Worry Scale [30] (CWS) | UK English | 13-, 15- and 16-item versions of the scales were mentioned | 19 | Farsi, German, Swedish | Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK | Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Polish, Spanish, |
Prenatal Distress Questionnaire [31] (PDQ) | USA English | Mostly the 17-item revised version, although the 9-item and 12-item versions of the scale are included as well | 11 | English | Canada, Germany, Spain, UK (Northern Ireland), USA | English, German, Spanish |
Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Scale [32] (PSA) | USA English | 4-item | 10 | - | Canada, Netherlands, Russia, UK, USA | English, Russian |
Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire [33] (POQ) | USA English | Two forms – 13-item and 15-item | 9 | - | Netherlands, UK, USA | English |
Wijma Delivery Expectancy / Experience Questionnaire [34] (WDEJ) | Sweden | 33 items | 8 | English, Slovak | Australia, Italy, Norway, Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom | Italian, Norwegian, Slovak, Turkish |
Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire/Scale [35] | Sweden | 19 items (original). Some scales had 11 items | 5 | - | Finland | - |
Pregnancy Anxiety Scale [36] (PAS) | USA English | Various, including 4-, 5-, 6-, 9-, and 10-item scales | 5 | - | USA | |
Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire [37] (CAQ) | USA | 15 items | 4 | - | Iran, USA | English, Farsi |
Australia English | Mostly 32 or 33 items, 31 in the Turkish validation | 4 | Turkish | Australia, Turkey | - | |
Pregnancy Anxiety Scale [41] (PAS) | USA English | 10-item | 4 | - | Finland, USA | Finnish |
Prenatal Social Environment Inventory [42] (PSEI) | USA English | 41 items (6 items used to measure PrA) | 3 | - | USA | - |
Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Questionnaire [43] | China Mandarin Chinese | 13 items | 3 | - | China | - |
Lederman Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire [44] (PSEQ) | USA | 53 items | 2 | - | USA | - |
Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale [45] (TPDS) | Netherlands Dutch | 16 items | 2 | Dutch, Portuguese | Brazil, Netherlands | Dutch, Portuguese |
Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale [46] | Australia English | 31 items | 2 | - | China, India | - |
Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Inventory [47] (PSAI) | India | 40 items | 2 | - | India | - |
Pregnancy Concerns Scale [48] (PCS) | Croatia Croatian | 16 items | 2 | - | Croatia | - |
One-off measures | Australia, Canada, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, USA | - | 23 | - | - | - |