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Table 3 Outcomes

From: Effect of a carbohydrate-rich beverage on rate of cesarean delivery in primigravidae with epidural labor analgesia: a multicenter randomized trial

 

Carbohydrate-rich beverage (n = 982)

Low-carbohydrate beverages (n = 971)

Relative risk, median difference, or mean difference (95% CI) a

p value

Primary outcome

 Cesarean delivery

111 (11.3%)

106 (10.9%)

Relative risk = 1.04 (0.81, 1.33)

0.79

 Cesarean delivery (PP analysis)

105 (11.0%) (n = 955)

101 (10.7%) (n = 940)

Relative risk = 1.02 (0.79, 1.32)

0.86

Secondary outcomes

 Maternal outcomes

 Duration of labor (min) b

562 [445, 730] (n = 871)

565 [425, 725] (n = 865)

Median difference = 7 (−15, 30)

0.42

  First labor stage b

490 [360, 660] (n = 871)

485 [360, 660] (n = 865)

Median difference = 5 (− 15, 30)

0.55

  Second labor stage b

52 [33, 85] (n = 871)

50 [30, 85] (n = 865)

Median difference = 1 (−2, 5)

0.37

  Forceps delivery

42 (4.3%)

50 (5.1%)

Relative risk = 0.83 (0.56, 1.24)

0.36

 Immediately after childbirth

  NRS of hunger, score

3 [2, 5]

4 [2, 6]

Median difference = −1 (−1, 0)

< 0.01

  NRS of thirst, score

5 [3, 7]

5 [3, 8]

Median difference = 0 (0, 0)

0.47

  Maternal blood glucose (mmol/L)

7.7 ± 2.1 (n = 965)

7.1 ± 1.6 (n = 953)

Mean difference = 0.59 (0.43, 0.76)

< 0.01

  Maternal hyperglycemia c

67 (6.9%) (n = 965)

18 (1.9%) (n = 953)

Relative risk = 3.68 (2.20, 6.14)

< 0.01

  Maternal hypoglycemia d

0 (0.0%) (n = 965)

0 (0.0%) (n = 953)

–

–

Neonatal outcomes

 Apgar score

   < 10 at 1 min

234 (23.8%)

241 (24.8%)

Relative risk = 0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

0.61

   < 10 at 5 min

16 (1.6%)

18 (1.9%)

Relative risk = 0.88 (0.45, 1.71)

0.71

  Umbilical artery blood pH

7.27 [7.22, 7.32] (n = 960)

7.27 [7.22, 7.32] (n = 948)

Median difference = 0.001 (−0.004, 0.009)

0.58

  pH < 7.2

164 (17.1%)

156 (16.5%)

Relative risk = 1.04 (0.85, 1.27)

0.71

  pH < 7.1

12 (1.3%)

7 (0.7%)

Relative risk = 1.69 (0.67, 4.28)

0.27

  Neonatal blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.5 ± 1.2 (n = 968)

5.1 ± 1.2 (n = 956)

Mean difference = 0.34 (0.24, 0.45)

< 0.01

  Neonatal hyperglycemia e

89 (9.2%) (n = 968)

55 (5.8%) (n = 956)

Relative risk = 1.60 (1.16, 2.21)

< 0.01

   > 10.0 mmol/L

0 (0.0%) (n = 968)

0 (0.0%) (n = 956)

–

–

  Neonatal hypoglycemia f

10 (1.0%) (n = 968)

22 (2.3%) (n = 956)

Relative risk = 0.45 (0.21, 0.94)

0.03

  Neonatal ward admission g

22 (2.2%)

19 (2.0%)

Relative risk = 1.15 (0.62, 2.10)

0.66

  1. Data are n (%), median [interquartile range], or mean ± SD. P values in bold indicate < 0.05. PP Per-protocol, RR Relative risk, NRS Numeric rating scale, D Difference
  2. a Calculated as the carbohydrate drink group vs. or minus the clear liquid drink group. Effect sizes are Hedges’ g (95% CI) or Cohen’s d (95% CI) for quantitative data and relative risk (95% CI) for categorical data
  3. b Results of parturients who gave vaginal delivery
  4. c Defined as maternal blood glucose > 11.1 mmol/L [26]
  5. d Defined as maternal blood glucose < 3.3 mmol/L.
  6. e Defined as neonatal blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L.
  7. f Defined as neonatal blood glucose < 2.6 mmol/L.
  8. g Newborns were admitted to neonatal ward for further monitoring and/or treatment which were considered necessary by the pediatricians. Indications for neonatal ward admission included meconium-stained amniotic fluid, neonatal asphyxia, neonatal pneumothorax, fetal ventriculomegaly and mature low birth weight
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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