Table 2 Intrapartum variables
|  | Carbohydrate-rich beverage (n = 982) | Low-carbohydrate beverages (n = 971) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal variables | |||
 Use of oxytocin during labor | 460 (46.8%) | 424 (49.0%) | 0.18 |
 Artificial membrane rupture | 332 (33.8%) | 311 (32.0%) | 0.40 |
NRS pain score a | |||
 Before analgesia | 8 [7, 10] | 8 [7, 9] | 0.70 |
 10 min after analgesia | 4 [3, 5] | 4 [3, 5] | 0.33 |
 30 min after analgesia | 2 [1, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | 0.94 |
 10-cm cervical dilation b | 3 [3, 4] (n = 871) | 3 [3, 4] (n = 865) | 0.54 |
Dosage of labor analgesia | |||
 Sufentanil (μg) | 25 [17, 37] | 26 [18, 36] | 0.73 |
 0.1% Ropivacaine (ml) | 42 [30, 61] | 43 [31, 59] | 0.77 |
 Lateral episiotomy b | 368 (42.3%) (n = 871) | 339 (39.2%) (n = 865) | 0.24 |
 Anesthesia for emergent cesarean delivery | (n = 111) | (n = 106) | > 0.99 |
 Epidural | 110 (99.1%) | 105 (99.1%) |  |
 General | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) |  |
 Maximal temperature ≥ 38.0 °C | 76 (7.7%) | 73 (7.5%) | 0.85 |
 Estimated blood loss (ml) | 240 [200, 300] | 240 [200, 300] | 0.72 |
Oral carbohydrate beverage c | |||
 Volume (ml) | 584 [400, 800] | 400 [100, 700] | < 0.01 |
 Calorie supplied (kcal) | 339 [232, 464] | 84 [26, 158] | < 0.01 |
 Calorie supplied (kcal/h) | 64 [45, 87] | 17 [5, 26] | < 0.01 |
 Oral water intake (ml) | 0 [0, 150] | 100 [0, 310] | < 0.01 |
Intravenous fluid | |||
 Volume (ml) | 600 [500, 1000] | 550 [400, 1000] | 0.17 |
 Calorie supplied (kcal) | 5 [5, 9] | 5 [4, 9] | 0.17 |
 Total fluid intake (ml) d | 1350 [979, 1830] | 1250 [850, 1750] | < 0.01 |
 Total calorie supplied (kcal) d | 348 [235, 469] | 92 [31, 163] | < 0.01 |
 Total calorie per hour (kcal/h) | 65 [46, 88] | 18 [7, 27] | < 0.01 |
Neonatal variables | |||
 Male gender | 504 (51.3%) | 514 (52.9%) | 0.48 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3338 ± 362 | 3354 ± 353 | 0.33 |
 Small for gestational age e | 13 (1.3%) | 10 (1.0%) | 0.55 |
 Large for gestational age f | 30 (3.1%) | 36 (3.7%) | 0.43 |