Table 1 Maternal and infant characteristics comparison between the GDM and non-GDM groups (N = 54)
GDM (N = 20) | Non-GDM (N = 34) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at delivery, year | 32.6 ± 4.3 | 30.5 ± 3.4 | 0.052 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 21.8 ± 3.5 | 0.109 |
Gestational weight gain, kg | 12.5 ± 4.0 | 13.7 ± 4.8 | 0.366 |
Delivery mode | 0.600 | ||
Vaginal | 14 (70.0) | 26 (76.5) | |
Cesarean | 6 (30.0) | 8 (23.5) | |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.005 |
OGTT-1 h, mg/dL | 9.9 ± 2.2 | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 0.002 |
OGTT-2 h, mg/dL | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 0.011 |
Infant characteristics at birth | |||
Sex, Male/female | 8/12 | 19/15 | 0.260 |
Gestational age, week | 39.2 ± 0.8 | 39.5 ± 1.0 | 0.167 |
Birth weight, kg | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.810 |
Birth length, cm | 49.7 ± 1.8 | 50.1 ± 1.3 | 0.386 |
Infant characteristics at 1 month | |||
Age at collection of oral sample, days | 31.4 ± 2.8 | 30.8 ± 1.4 | 0.419 |
Feeding practices | 0.335 | ||
Breastfeeding | 11 (55.0) | 25 (73.5) | |
Mixed | 7 (35.0) | 8 (23.5) | |
Formula | 1 (5.0) | 1 (2.9) | |
Missing | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0) | |
Use of probiotics | 1 (5.0) | 1 (1.6) | 1.000 |
Weight, kg | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.572 |
Length, cm | 54.4 ± 2.1 | 55.0 ± 1.8 | 0.282 |