Table 2 Univariate analysis of variables associated with moderate to severe anxiety symptoms among pregnant persons (N = 4,303)

Demographic Characteristics

 Participant Race/Ethnicity

  White, non-Hispanic

Ref

  Black/African American

1.48

0.94, 2.35

  Hispanic/Latinx

1.25

0.93, 1.67

  Asian

1.11

0.73, 1.69

  Native American

3.64

1.09, 12.15

  Pacific Islander

 < 0.001

 < 0.001, > 999.999

 Participant Age

  18–30

Ref

  31–35

0.70

0.56, 0.87

  36–40

0.58

0.44, 0.77

  41 + 

0.73

0.45, 1.18

 Household Income

   < $99,999

Ref

  $100,000–250,999

0.42

0.35, 0.52

  $251,000 + 

0.47

0.35, 0.64

 Highest level education completed

  Professional degree

Ref

  Master’s

1.56

1.12, 2.16

  College

1.72

1.24, 2.38

   < College

3.47

2.50, 4.83

 Pre-pregnancy insurance

  Private Insurance

Ref

  Other (including Medi-Cal, Tricare, other)

1.98

1.57, 2.49

 Partnership status

  Married or Partnered

Ref

  Unpartnered

2.54

1.84, 3.51

 Employment status

  Full-time

Ref

  Other (part-time, homemaker, unemployed)

1.37

1.12, 1.66

 Employed in health care

  No

1.38

1.12, -1.71

  Yes

Ref

Obstetric and Medical history

 Previous live birth

  Yes

Ref

  No

1.19

0.93, 1.54

 History of prior miscarriage

  No

Ref

  Yes

1.32

1.06, 1.65

 Receipt of care through fertility clinic this pregnancy

  Yes

Ref

  No

1.46

1.17, 1.82

 History of anxiety disorder prior to pregnancy

  No

Ref

  Yes

3.88

3.22, 4.67

 History of depression prior to pregnancy

  No

Ref

  Yes

3.36

2.78, 4.06

COVID-19 specific characteristics

 History of obtaining a SARS-CoV-2 test this pregnancy

  No

Ref

  Yes

1.08

0.90, 1.30

 History of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test this pregnancy

  No

Ref

  Yes

1.08

0.78, 1.49

 Household contact diagnosed with COVID-19 since pregnant

  No

Ref

  Yes

0.94

0.68, 1.32

 Household contact deceased from COVID-19 since pregnant

  No

Ref

  Yes

5.73

2.36, 13.90

 Job loss since onset of COVID-19 pandemic

  No

Ref

  Yes

2.77

2.14, 3.57

 Reduced hours at work since onset of COVID-19 pandemic

  No

Ref

  Yes

1.70

1.34, 2.15

 Inability to pay rent or mortgage since onset of COVID-19 pandemic

  No

Ref

  Yes

5.44

3.94, 7.47

 Very or Extremely Worried about COVID-19

  No

Ref

  Yes

3.32

2.76, 4.00

 Perceived stress over the past month

  Low

Ref

  Moderate-High

11.00

8.38, 14.45