Table 4 Multilevel logistic regression of individual and household level factors influencing use of ITN among pregnant women in Ghana
Variables | Model I AOR [95%CI] | Model II AOR[95% CI] | Model III AOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
Individual level factors | |||
Age | |||
 15–24 | Ref |  | Ref |
 25–34 | 1.028 [0.572–1.845] |  | 1.519 [0.721–3.199] |
 35–49 | 1.606 [0.693–3.721] |  | 3.403*[1.191–9.725] |
Educational Level | |||
 No Education | 5.585*[1.315–23.716] |  | 1.627 [0.295–8.962] |
 Primary | 3.228 [0.826–12.611] |  | 0.988 [0.191–5.112] |
 Secondary | 3.509*[1.076–11.440] |  | 1.443 [0.356–5.845] |
 Higher | Ref |  | Ref |
Religion | |||
 Catholic | 1.435 [0.364–5.658] |  | 1.473 [0.318–6.811] |
 Protestant | 1.472 [0.363–5.971] |  | 1.324 [0.279–6.271] |
 Moslem | 0.665 [0.188–2.348] |  | 0.647 [0.166–2.513] |
 Pentecostal/Charismatic | 0.866 [0.256–2.927] |  | 0.614 [0.159–2.366] |
 No Religion | Ref |  | Ref |
Literacy level | |||
 Illiterate | Ref |  | Ref |
 Literate | 1.024 [0.522–2.008] |  | 1.389 [0.616–3.133] |
Ecological Zone | |||
 Coastal Zone | Ref |  | Ref |
 Middle Belt | 1.336 [0.776–2.300] |  | 1.088 [0.562–2.107] |
 Northern Zone | 2.108 [0.930–4.775] |  | 1.204 [0.416–3.483] |
Place of Residence | |||
 Urban | 0.355***[0.216–0.582] |  | 0.895 [0.450–1.778] |
 Rural | Ref |  | Ref |
Ethnicity | |||
 Akan | 2.888 [0.711–11.722] |  | 7.234*[1.497–34.955] |
 Ga/Dangme | 1.224 [0.227–6.612] |  | 2.157 [0.334–13.923] |
 Ewe | 1.524 [0.373–6.224] |  | 3.106 [0.642–15.037] |
 Mole-Dagbani | 2.452 [0.649–9.266] |  | 2.663 [0.593–11.962] |
 Other | Ref |  | Ref |
Parity | |||
 1–3 | Ref |  | Ref |
 4–6 | 1.031 [0.538–1.974] |  | 1.549 [0.726–3.302] |
 7+ | 0.685 [0.196–2.392] |  | 0.701 [0.166–2.955] |
Household level factors | |||
Sex of Household Head | |||
 Male |  | 1.870*[1.003–3.486] | 2.232*[1.105–4.508] |
 Female |  | Ref | Ref |
Age of Household Head | |||
 20–29 |  | Ref | Ref |
 30–39 |  | 0.683 [0.318–1.467] | 0.435 [0.177–1.066] |
 40–49 |  | 0.437*[0.193–0.991] | 0.175***[0.066–0.467] |
 50–59 |  | 0.464 [0.181–1.188] | 0.239*[0.080–0.716] |
 60–69 |  | 4.303*[1.160–15.966] | 4.084 [0.949–17.583] |
 70+ |  | 0.843 [0.241–2.943] | 0.743 [0.192–2.875] |
Household Wealth Index | |||
 Poorest |  | Ref | Ref |
 Poorer |  | 1.514 [0.691–3.313] | 1.046 [0.396–2.765] |
 Middle |  | 0.749 [0.304–1.844] | 0.449 [0.144–1.400] |
 Richer |  | 0.509 [0.188–1.373] | 0.184*[0.050–0.679] |
 Richest |  | 0.428 [0.124–1.478] | 0.107**[0.021–0.552] |
Household Source of drinking water | |||
 Improved |  | Ref | Ref |
 Unimproved |  | 1.019 [0.586–1.774] | 1.314 [0.697–2.479] |
Household Type of toilet facility | |||
 Improved toilet facility |  | Ref | Ref |
 Unimproved toilet facility |  | 1.610 [0.881–2.944] | 1.413 [0.725–2.755] |
Household Type of cooking fuel | |||
 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) |  | 0.479 [0.099–2.319] | 0.479 [0.099–2.319] |
 Charcoal |  | 0.947 [0.197–4.541] | 0.947 [0.197–4.541] |
 Fuel wood |  | 1.328 [0.282–6.250] | 1.328 [0.282–6.250] |
 Other cooking fuel |  | Ref | Ref |