Mixed effect analysis of factors influencing the use of insecticides treated bed nets among pregnant women in Ghana: evidence from the 2019 Malaria Indicator Survey

Table 3 Association between individual, household level factors and use of ITN among pregnant women in Ghana

Factors	Pregnant women use of insecticide treated bed nets
Factors	Not Using	Using	P-values
Individual Level Factors
Age
15–24	54.5	45.5	0.192
25–34	52.1	47.9
35–49	41.2	58.8
Educational Level
No Education	36.6	63.4	0.002**
Primary	51.4	48.6
Secondary	52.2	47.8
Higher	80.0	20.0
Religion
Catholic	37.5	62.5	0.141
Protestant	37.5	62.5
Moslem	50.6	49.4
Pentecostal/Charismatic	56.0	44.0
No Religion	43.8	56.3
Literacy level
Illiterate	43.4	56.6	0.007**
Literate	57.8	42.2	0.007**
Ecological Zone
Coastal Zone	59.1	40.9	0.005**
Middle Belt	50.7	49.3
Northern Zone	35.6	64.4
Place of Residence
Urban	67.3	32.7	0.000***
Rural	39.1	60.9	0.000***
Ethnicity
Akan	49.3	50.7	0.012*
Ga/Dangme	69.6	30.4
Ewe	58.8	41.2
Mole-Dagbani	40.5	59.5
Other	73.3	26.7
Parity
1–3	55.7	44.3	0.034*
4–6	41.6	58.4
7+	38.9	61.1
Household Factors
Sex of Household Head
Male	47.4	52.6	0.024*
Female	61.7	38.3	0.024*
Age of Household Head
20–29	52.6	47.4	0.002**
30–39	53.6	46.4
40–49	56.6	43.4
50–59	55.8	44.2
60–69	16.0	84.0
70+	36.8	63.2
Wealth Index
Poorest	29.5	70.5	0.000***
Poorer	31.1	68.9
Middle	52.2	47.8
Richer	66.7	33.3
Richest	80.6	19.4
Source of drinking water
Improved	44.8	55.2	0.005**
Unimproved	60.1	39.9	0.005**
Type of toilet facility
Improved	60.1	39.9	0.000***
Unimproved	32.5	67.5	0.000***
Type of cooking fuel
Liquefied Petroleum Gas	80.2	19.8	0.000***
Charcoal	60.2	39.8
Fuel wood	30.1	69.9
Other cooking fuel	41.7	58.3

Source: Computed from 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Surveys (GMIS) *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

ISSN: 1471-2393