Table 3 Mixed effects analysis of association between antenatal attendance and low birth weight
From: Antenatal care attendance and low birth weight of institutional births in sub-Saharan Africa
Variables | Model I | Model II cOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] | Model IV aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect results | ||||
ANC visits | ||||
Less than 8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Eight or more | 0.66*** [0.55—0.79] | 0.68*** [0.56—0.82] | ||
Maternal age | ||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 0.69*** [0.57—0.84] | 0.69*** [0.57—0.83] | ||
25–29 | 0.50*** [0.41—0.62] | 0.50*** [0.41—0.62] | ||
30–34 | 0.43*** [0.35—0.54] | 0.44*** [0.35—0.55] | ||
35–39 | 0.43*** [0.34—0.55] | 0.44*** [0.34—0.56] | ||
40–44 | 0.55*** [0.42—0.73] | 0.55*** [0.42—0.74] | ||
45–49 | 0.30*** [0.19—0.48] | 0.30*** [0.19—0.48] | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Cohabiting | 0.81* [0.66—0.98] | 0.82* [0.68—1.00] | ||
Single | 1.03 [0.87—1.22] | 1.03 [0.87—1.22] | ||
Maternal education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.90 [0.78—1.04] | 0.90 [0.78—1.03] | ||
Secondary or higher | 0.83* [0.72—0.96] | 0.84* [0.73—0.98] | ||
Age at first birth | ||||
Adolescent birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Adult birth | 1.11 [0.98—1.25] | 1.12 [0.99 -1.26] | ||
Pregnancy intention | ||||
Then | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Later | 1.03 [0.90—1.18] | 1.01 [0.88—1.16] | ||
No more | 0.85 [0.66—1.11] | 0.85 [0.65—1.10] | ||
Child’s age (months) | ||||
0–11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
12–23 | 0.94 [0.82—1.07] | 0.94 [0.82,1.08] | ||
24–35 | 1.17* [1.02—1.36] | 1.18* [1.02,1.36] | ||
36–47 | 0.95 [0.78—1.15] | 0.95 [0.79,1.15] | ||
48–59 | 0.96 [0.76—1.22] | 0.96 [0.76,1.22] | ||
Child’s sex | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 1.31*** [1.18—1.45] | 1.31*** [1.18—1.45] | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.17 [0.99—1.40] | 1.17 [0.99—1.40] | ||
Middle | 1.33** [1.10—1.60] | 1.33** [1.11—1.60] | ||
Richer | 1.07 [0.88—1.30] | 1.08 [0.89—1.31] | ||
Richest | 1.14 [0.92—1.41] | 1.17 [0.95—1.45] | ||
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.94 [0.82—1.07] | 0.92 [0.80—1.06] | ||
Random effect model | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.119 [0.072–0.196] | 0.115 [0.069–0.192] | 0.111 [0.065–0.189] | 0.108 [0.063–0.188] |
ICC | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.032 |
Wald chi-square | Reference | 20.15 (< 0.001) | 176.70 (< 0.001) | 193.35 (< 0.001) |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | -7405.9741 | -7389.9778 | -7308.1333 | -7294.9571 |
AIC | 14,815.95 | 14,785.96 | 14,666.27 | 14,641.91 |
N | 33,585 | 33,585 | 33,585 | 33,585 |
Number of clusters | 1,253 | 1,253 | 1,253 | 1,253 |