Table 4 Risk of bias assessment
Study (year; country) | Bias Domains | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-intervention | At-intervention | Post-intervention | |||||
Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in intervention classification | Bias due to deviation from the intended intervention | Bias due to missing data | Bias in outcome measurement | Bias in selection of the reported result | |
Jamie et al. (2004, United States) [11] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Trappe et al. (2011, United States) [12] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Huang et al. (2019, Switzerland) [19] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |