Table 1 Baseline characteristics of mothers by HIV status at 1st ANC visit and STI prevalence during pregnancy in South Africa (2016–2019)
| Â | All (n, %) | Women living without HIV | Women living with HIV | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 619 | 133 (21) | 486 (79) | p-value |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
 Maternal age (median, IQR) years | 30 (25–34) | 26 (23–32) | 30 (26–34) | < 0.001 |
 GA at booking (median, IQR) weeks | 18 (13–24) | 19 (13–24) | 18 (13–23) | 0.78 |
 Gravidity (median, IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | < 0.001 |
 Parity (median, IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–2) | < 0.001 |
Education level completed | ||||
 Primary | 220 (36) | 3 (2) | 217 (45) | < 0.001 |
 Secondary | 368 (59) | 121 (91) | 247 (51) |  |
 Tertiary (College/University) | 31 (5) | 9 (7) | 22 (4) |  |
Relationship with father of child | ||||
 Married/Cohabiting | 305 (49) | 65 (49) | 240 (49) | 0.91 |
 Not married/ Non-cohabiting | 289 (47) | 66 (49) | 223 (46) |  |
 No relationship | 25 (4) | 2 (2) | 23 (5) |  |
Employment status | ||||
 Formal employment | 211 (34) | 36 (27) | 175 (36) | 0.06 |
 Informal employment | 18 (3) | 2 (2) | 16 (3) |  |
 Unemployed/attending school | 390 (63) | 95 (71) | 295 (61) |  |
Site | ||||
 Tshwane District | 380 (61) | 0 (0) | 380 (78) | – |
 Cape Town | 239 (39) | 133 (100) | 106 (22) |  |
Clinical characteristic in this pregnancy | ||||
 Any STI during pregnancy or postpartum | ||||
  Yes | 249 (40) | 40 (30) | 209 (43) | 0.007 |
  No | 370 (60) | 93 (70) | 277 (57) |  |
 Any STI at 1st ANC visit | ||||
  Yes | 228 (37) | 36 (27) | 192 (40) | 0.008 |
  No | 391 (63) | 97 (72) | 294 (60) |  |
 Any STI at 1st postnatal visit (na = 571) | ||||
  Yes | 45 (8) | 4 (3) | 45 (9) | 0.03 |
  No | 526 (92) | 120 (97) | 441 (91) |  |
 Any STI at 1st ANC and 1st postnatal visit | ||||
  Yes | 30 (5) | 1 (1) | 29 (6) | 0.01 |
  No | 589 (95) | 132 (99) | 457 (94) |  |
 Chlamydia trachomatis at 1st ANC | ||||
  Yes | 158 (26) | 27 (20) | 131 (27) | 0.11 |
  No | 461 (74) | 106 (80) | 355 (73) |  |
 Neisseria gonorrhoea at 1st ANC | ||||
  Yes | 35 (6) | 3 (2) | 32 (7) | 0.05 |
  No | 584 (94) | 130 (98) | 454 (93) |  |
 Trichomonas vaginalis | ||||
  Yes | 114 (18) | 14 (11) | 100 (21) | 0.008 |
  No | 505 (82) | 119 (89) | 386 (79) |  |
 bCoinfections of CT, NG or TV at 1st ANC | ||||
  Yes | 72 (12) | 8 (6) | 64 (13) | 0.02 |
  No | 547 (88) | 125 (82) | 422 (87) |  |
Sexual behaviour during pregnancy | ||||
 Vaginal sex | 551 (89) | 126 (94) | 425 (87) | 0.01 |
 Oral sex | 36 (6) | 6 (5) | 30 (6) | 0.46 |
 Anal sex | 14 (2) | 3 (2) | 11 (2) | 0.99 |
 2+ sex partners in the past 3 months | 18 (3) | 1 (1) | 17 (4) | 0.09 |
Suspect partner of having another sex partner | ||||
 No | 284 (46) | 77 (58) | 201 (43) | 0.02 |
 Yes | 212 (34) | 35 (36) | 177 (38) |  |
 Don’t know | 117 (19) | 20 (15) | 97 (20) |  |
 N/Ac | 6 (1) | 1 (1) | 5 (1) |  |
Partner’s serostatus | ||||
 Concordant HIV status | 216 (35) | 92 (69) | 124 (26) | < 0.001 |
 Serodiscordant | 92 (15) | 4 (3) | 88 (18) |  |
 Serostatus unknown | 311 (50) | 37 (28) | 274 (56) |  |