Table 3 Multilevel logistic regression analysis of Iron/folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in Ethiopia
Characteristics | Model (I) AOR 95%CI (without covariate) | Model (II) AOR 9%CI (community-level factors) | Model (III) (individual- level factors) | Model (IV) AOR with 95%CI (individual and community level factors) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | ||||
Developed region | Ref | Ref | ||
Developing region | 0.40(0.30 0.54) | 0.57(0.43 0.74)* | ||
Residence | ||||
Rural | 0.40(0.29 0.56) | 0.90(0.64 1.27) | ||
Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
Age of women | ||||
Less than 24 | Ref | Ref | ||
25–34 years | 1.09(0.89 1.32) | 1.08(0.89 1.32) | ||
Above 35 years | 0.76(0.60 0.97) | 0.75(0.59 0.96)* | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1.16(0.85 1.60) | 1.20(0.87 1.64) | ||
Divorced/ separated/ widowed | Ref | Ref | ||
Parity | ||||
Primiparous | Ref | Ref | ||
Multiparous | 0.87(0.74 1.03) | 0.92(0.77 1.08) | ||
Level of education | ||||
No formal education | 0.58(0.38 0.88) | 0.60(0.39 0.92)* | ||
Primary education | 0.89(0.59 1.34) | 0.92(0.61 1.39) | ||
Secondary education | 1.28(0.80 2.03) | 1.30(0.82 2.07) | ||
Diploma and above | Ref | Ref | ||
Wealth status | ||||
Poor | Ref | Ref | ||
Middle | 1.56(1.23 1.99) | 1.51(1.18 1.93)* | ||
Rich | 1.61(1.27 2.03) | 1.48(1.15 1.91)* | ||
Sex of house hold head | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||
Female | 1.02(0.82 1.28) | 1.06(0.84 1.33) | ||
Number of ANC visits | ||||
Less than 4 visits | Ref | Ref | ||
4 and above visits | 4.57(3.82 5.46) | 4.35(3.64 5.21)* | ||
Random variation (effect variation), i.e measure of variation for iron/folic acid supplementation | ||||
Community level variance (SE) | ||||
P-value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
Deviance | 4835.542 | 4765.26 | 4373.049 | 4354.999 |
ICC% | 32.2 | 25.7 | 20.1 | 18.9 |
PCV% | Reference | 36.8% | 46.9% | 50.8% |
MOR (95%CI) | 3.27(2.86 3.81) | 2.75(2.43 3.16) | 2.35(2.03 2.75) | 2.26(1.95 2.62) |