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Table 1 Maternal characteristics according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and postpartum vitamin D status

From: Maternal excess adiposity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 50 nmol/L are associated with elevated whole body fat mass in healthy breastfed neonates

Characteristic1

All

25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L

25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L

P-value2

BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 24)

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n = 21)

BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n = 69)

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n = 28)

25(OH)D

BMI

25(OH)D*BMI

Age at delivery, y

32.2 (31.4, 32.9)

31.0 (28.9, 33.0)

32.7 (30.1, 35.2)

31.9 (31.0, 32.8)

33.5 (31.7, 35.2)

0.29

0.05

0.93

Parity, n (%)

 Primiparous

44 (31.0)

12 (50.0)

6 (28.6)

21 (30.4)

5 (17.9)

0.23

0.0009

0.28

 Multiparous

98 (69.0)

12 (50.0)

15 (71.4)

48 (69.6)

23 (82.1)

< 0.0001

0.03

0.04

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2

24.6 (23.8, 25.3)

22.4 (21.6, 23.2)

30.0 (28.1, 31.8)

21.8 (21.4, 22.2)

29.2 (27.3, 31.0)

0.22

< 0.0001

0.85

Gestational weight gain, kg

13.6 (12.6, 14.6)

13.3 (10.2, 16.5)

12.0 (9.3, 14.6)

14.8 (13.5, 16.1)

12.0 (9.7, 14.4)

0.49

0.07

0.53

Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L

67.4 (63.1, 71.7)

40.0 (36.2, 43.9)

40.4 (36.8, 43.9)

83.3 (78.1, 88.6)

71.8 (64.8, 78.8)

< 0.0001

0.10

0.08

Maternal birthplace, n (%)

 Canada

90 (63.4)

13 (54.2)

8 (38.1)

50 (72.5)

19 (67.9)

< 0.0001

0.0001

0.35

 Elsewhere

52 (36.6)

11 (45.8)

13 (61.9)

19 (27.5)

9 (32.1)

0.58

0.27

0.11

Self-reported population group, n (%)

 White

79 (55.6)

8 (37.5)

7 (33.3)

47 (71.0)

17 (60.7)

< 0.0001

0.0002

0.16

 All other groups3

63 (44.4)

16 (62.5)

14 (66.7)

22 (29.0)

11 (39.3)

0.80

0.20

0.32

Supplement use4, n (%)

 Yes

131 (92.3)

20 (83.3)

20 (95.2)

65 (94.2)

26 (92.9)

< 0.0001

0.0007

0.02

 No

11 (7.7)

4 (16.7)

1 (4.8)

4 (5.8)

2 (7.1)

0.76

0.13

0.62

Vitamin D dosage, IU/d

501.5 (478.6, 524.3)

470 (402.8, 537.2)

513.2 (458.8, 567.5)

504.6 (472, 537.1)

510.9 (453.7, 568.1)

0.53

0.34

0.48

Education, n (%)

 Elementary/high school

13 (9.2)

4 (17.8)

4 (19.0)

4 (5.8)

1 (3.6)

0.41

0.41

0.28

 College/vocational school

30 (21.1)

5 (13.3)

1 (4.8)

15 (21.7)

9 (32.1)

0.001

0.07

0.33

 University

99 (69.7)

15 (68.9)

16 (76.2)

50 (72.5)

18 (64.3)

0.0002

0.002

0.01

Family annual income5, n (%)

 ≥ 70,000 CAD

80 (56.3)

15 (62.5)

5 (23.8)

42 (60.9)

18 (64.3)

< 0.0001

0.0001

0.67

 < 70,000 CAD

41 (28.9)

4 (16.7)

13 (61.9)

18 (26.1)

6 (21.4)

0.27

0.64

0.001

 Not reported

21 (14.8)

5 (20.8)

3 (14.3)

9 (13.0)

4 (14.3)

0.28

0.13

1.00

  1. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMI Body mass index, CAD Canadian dollar
  2. 1Data are mean (lower and upper 95% confidence limits) or n (%)
  3. 2Data were compared using a linear fixed effects model for continuous variables followed by post hoc Tukey’s tests with Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons and Chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables (using frequency procedure to create 3-way crosstabulation tables; categorical variables were used in the model to stratify the crosstabulation tables followed by the last two variables: maternal 25(OH)D*pre-pregnancy BMI, creating two 2-way tables of 25(OH)D and pre-pregnancy BMI, for each level of the categorical variables)
  4. 3Other groups included: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean, Japanese, or other
  5. 4Use of prenatal supplement containing vitamin D during pregnancy
  6. 5The median income (in Canadian dollars) for Canadian families with children
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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