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Table 2 Associations between total cholesterol intake per day and GDM

From: Dietary cholesterol and egg intake are associated with the risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective study from Southwest China

 

Continuous variable (each additional 100 mg/d)

Quartile of total cholesterol intake (mg/d)

P for trend

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

 

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

 

Median, mg/d

332.0

103.0

268.0

394.0

571.5

-

Model 1a

1.08

1.03-1.14

1.00

-

1.39

1.04-1.87

1.48

1.11-1.99

1.55

1.15-2.07

0.004

Model 2b

1.07

1.02-1.13

1.00

-

1.39

1.03-1.88

1.40

1.04-1.89

1.48

1.10-2.00

0.015

Model 2 plus nutrients c

 Saturated fat, unsaturated fat

1.07

1.01-1.13

1.00

-

1.37

1.01-1.86

1.37

1.00-1.87

1.42

1.02-1.98

0.049

 Animal protein

1.10

1.03-1.18

1.00

-

1.43

1.05-1.96

1.45

1.04-2.00

1.61

1.11-2.34

0.019

 Fibre

1.07

1.02-1.13

1.00

-

1.40

1.03-1.89

1.40

1.04-1.90

1.49

1.10-2.01

0.014

 All previous nutrients

1.10

1.02-1.17

1.00

-

1.42

1.04-1.94

1.42

1.02-1.97

1.59

1.09-2.32

0.024

Model 2 plus cholesterol-containing foods d

 Eggs

1.01

0.92-1.11

1.00

-

1.26

0.91-1.73

1.13

0.77-1.64

1.05

0.66-1.66

0.941

 Red meats

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.00

-

1.39

1.02-1.88

1.41

1.04-1.91

1.51

1.11-2.07

0.013

 Poultry

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.00

-

1.38

1.02-1.87

1.41

1.04-1.91

1.52

1.12-2.06

0.010

 Fish/shellfish

1.07

1.02-1.13

1.00

-

1.39

1.03-1.89

1.40

1.04-1.90

1.48

1.09-2.02

0.018

 Total dairy products

1.07

1.01-1.12

1.00

-

1.38

1.02-1.86

1.37

1.01-1.86

1.44

1.06-1.96

0.031

 Animal organs

1.07

1.02-1.13

1.00

-

1.37

1.01-1.85

1.38

1.02-1.87

1.46

1.08-1.98

0.019

Model 2 plus plasma lipid profiles (mmol/L) e

 TG

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.00

-

1.41

1.03-1.92

1.37

1.00-1.87

1.54

1.10-2.14

0.021

 TC

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.00

-

1.40

1.03-1.91

1.38

1.01-1.88

1.49

1.07-2.08

0.029

 LDL-C

1.08

1.02-1.15

1.00

-

1.41

1.04-1.92

1.39

1.02-1.91

1.53

1.10-2.13

0.019

 HDL-C

1.08

1.02-1.14

1.00

-

1.40

1.03-1.91

1.38

1.01-1.89

1.50

1.08-2.09

0.027

 All previous measurements

1.08

1.01-1.14

1.00

-

1.40

1.03-1.91

1.36

1.00-1.86

1.51

1.08-2.11

0.028

  1. TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
  2. a Crude model
  3. b Adjusted for energy intake, age, prepregnancy BMI, education, income of family, parity, family history of diabetes, smoking before pregnancy, alcohol consumption before pregnancy, physical activity, dietary glycaemic load, weight gain from pregnancy to OGTT
  4. c Nutrients correlated with dietary cholesterol (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, trans fat, animal protein and fibre) were adjusted individually or in combination, in addition to Model 2 covariates
  5. d To determine if certain cholesterol-containing foods were major determinants for the associations, eggs, red meat, poultry, fish and shellfish, total dairy products and edible offal were adjusted individually in addition to Model 2 covariates
  6. e To determine whether the effect of total cholesterol on GDM is related to the increase of plasma lipid profiles, the concentrations of plasma TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were further adjusted individually or in combination in addition to Model 2 covariates
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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